_ Rom EIN eb ett ep VCO Ay BAM ge OM MAM eda M TY aon eres Le tee Vee bey 5 “ : ores vN F AM tenner gn vite Be tea & 7.658 HARVARD UNIVERSITY e Library of the Museum of Comparative Zoology ‘LON I AND JOURNAL OF VARIA EDITED BY 3: JACOBS, F-R.E- Se Ney Vol. 84 i Price £1.75 net CONTENTS Ill CONTENTS Acherontia atropos L., Curious be- haviour oF the “larva of. H. L. O’Heffernan, 20, 207. Acherontia atropos L., Curious be- haviour of the larva of. D. G. Sevastopulo, 114. Agrodiaetus coelestina Eversmann A Lycaenid new to Greece and to Western Europe. R. F. Bretherton, John Coutsis, L. G. Higgins and C. G. M. de Worms, 29. Agrodiaetus coelestina Eversmann. The food Plant of. John G. Coutsis, 257. Apamea lateritia Hufn. A Third British Record. D. O’Keeffe, 289. Argema kuhnei Pinhey (Lep. Saturniidae). Notes on the African Lunar Moth. Jamieson C. Little, 193 Argynnis selene (D. and _ Schiff.). Second Brood. C. I. Rutherford, 143. Blastobasis decolorella Wollaston in in Kent and Essex. E. S. Brad- ford, 26. Blastobasis decolorella Wollaston in Keniry os AvmSwain,.170: Boloria polaris from Canada (Lepi- doptera Nymphalidae). A New Sr of. John H. Masters, 77. Brahmaea japonica (Lep. Satur- niidae). Early stages of. J. L. Gregory, 77. British Butterflies. Observations on. A. P. Gainsford, 117. )Burrense Maye ASTI bifhe >\wh. At Sadler, 12, 44. Butterflies. Early Spring. C. G. M. de Worms, 170 Butterflies of the Isle of Wight. The. T. D. Fearnehough, 57, 102 Callimorpha jacobaeae Linn. (Lep. Arctiidae). Further aberrations of, R. W. Watson, 11 Calophasia lunula Hufn. in Hamp- shire. R. Hayward, 144 Caloptilia rufipennella Hiibner. A. M. Emmet, 286 Camberwell Beauty in Hertfordshire. Alan Bell, 285 Canna Notes for 1970 ang 1971. Isle of. J. L. Campbell, 196 Celerio galii D. & Schiff. (Rott.) (Bedstraw Hawk) in Kent. J. M. Chalmers-Hunt, 286 Celerio galii Rott. in Kent. J. L. Dyer, 290 Celerio galii Rott. Larvae in N. Lan- cashire. J. Briggs, 290 Célerio galii Rott. in Suffolk. E H. Wild, 225 Chloroclystis chloerata Mabille in the British Isles, C. G. M. de Worms, 205 Cirrhia ocellaris Borkh. at Woking. C. G. M de Worms, 288 Clossiana selene (Schiff.) Second Brood. A. S. Wheeler, 32 Clossiana selene (Denis & Schiffer- muller: Second Brood Speci- mens. George E. Hyde, 24 Clossiana selene (Denis & Schiffer- muller) Second Brood Specimens. J. H. Payne, 114 Coleophora sylvaticella Wood (Lep. Coleophoridae) in Kent, J. M. Chalmers-Hunt, 114 Collecting Trips in Europe during 1971. Two. C. G. M de Worms, 33, 98. Correction (Ent Record, 83: 333), 50 Craneflies have long legs?. Why do. Alan E. Stubbs, 140 Cupido osiris Meigen (sebrus Hiibn.) Observations on the Cohabitation of ssp. sebrus and ssp. bernar- diana in the French Alnos. M. J. Perceval, 215 Dechtiria turbidella (Zell.). D. J. L. Agassiz, 114 Derbyshire Lepidoptera. Doubtful. Derek C. Hulme, 180 Dermaptera from the Solomon Is- lands. Descrivtion of a new Species of. A. Brindle, 281 Distribution of Insects related to Railway Embankments. The. L. McLeod, 69. Drepana curvatula Borkhausen in Norfolk. C. G. M. de Worms, 79 Drepana curvatula Borkhausen. Was there a Suffolk Svecimen? C. G. M. de Worms, 203. Endothenia hebesana (Walker 1863) a member of the Fennoscanian fauna. M. Opheim, 20. Erebia youngi Holland. Designation of a Lectotype for Cyril dos Passos, 238. Euchloe ausonia Hiibner from Greece (Lep. Pieridae). The Larva and Pupa of. John G. Coutsis, 73. Eumenis semele (L.) thyone Thomp- son (Lep. Satyridae). A Micro- geographical Race. R. L. H. Dennis, 138. IV CONTENTS Euphydryas aurinia Rott. in South East England. C. J. Luckens, 289. Euphydryas aurinia Rott. in the Isle of Wight. H. C. Huggins, 195 Euplagia quadripunctaria Poda. Evidence of local migrations. E. P. Wiltshire, 230. Euplagia quadripunctaria Poda. Un- usual polyphagy of. E. P. Wilt- shire. 230. Eurois occulta L. in South West Morland. Neville L. Birkett, 251 Eurois occulta L. The Great Brocade. Breeding. J. A. C. Greenwood, 170. Fruit Flies (Tephritidae: Diptera) of India. Identification of Common. V. C. Kapoor, 165. Galatea. Regarding. Charles F. Cowan 124. Gonepteryx rhamni L. An early sighting. M. B. Longdon. 54. Gonepteryx rhamni Linnaeus in Sur- rey. An unusual gathering of. A. G. M. Batten. 206. Gonepteryx rhamni L. Late larvae of. C. G. M. de Worms. 248. Gortyna borelli Pierret: Fisher’s Estuarine Moth. Notes on the Discovery of the Larva and Puna in Britain of. J. M Chalmers- Hunt, 52. Grecian Butterflies : Additional Records. List of. John G. Coutsis. 145. Greece: July 1971. Butterflies in Northern and Central. J. V. Dacie, 257. G. rahmni (Lep.). On the egg of. C. F. Cowan, 80. Hadena compta D. & Schiff. T. N. D. Peet, 207. Hadena compta D. & Schiff. in North Norfolk. Denzil W. ffennell, 144. Heliothis armigera Hiibn. in Dorset. Ej Wile, 2a: Homoeosoma saxicola Vaughan (Lep. Phycitinae). John L. Gregory, 231. How I started collecting. R. Tomlin- son,’ 13: Immigrant lepidoptera on the Lin- colnshire coast. R. E. M. Pilcher, 250. Infurcitinea argentimaculella Stain- ton (Lep Tineidae) in Surrey. E. S. Bradford, 53 Interspecific Competition in Butter- flies. D. G. Sevastopulo, 76 Inverness-shire in 1971. G. W. Har- per, 65 Jamaica: September and October 1971. Collecting in. C. G. M. de Worms and T. J. G. Homer, 219 242. Joint Committee for the Conservation of British Insects. British Macro- lepidoptera. 210. Kinensis Burr (Dermaptera Cheli- sochidae). The Genus. A. Brindle, 199. Lampropteryx otregiata Metcalf (Lep. Geometrinae). M. W. Har- per, 115. Lepidoptera in Britain during 1971. Collecting. C. F. M. de Worms, 184. Lepidoptera in Kincardinshire and Aberdeenshire. Some unex- pected. R. M. Palmer, 269. Lepidoptera Pursuit. David Brown, {52 Lepidoptera Review. T. W. Harman, PATA Leucania unipuncta Haworth and Hadena compta D. & Schiff in North Norfolk. C. G. M. de Worms, 79. Lithophane leautieri Boisduval in West Somerset. H. M. Chappel, 25 Magdalis memnonia Gyll. (Col. Cur- culionidae), a Weevil new to Britain. A. A. Allen, 22. Maniola jurtina L., Breeding. L .G. F. Waddington, 79. Microlepidoptera in Gloucestershire. J. Newton, 278. Microlepidoptera. Notes on the. H. C. Huggins, 163. Mont Ventoux and the Dentelles de Montmirail 1968 and 1971. L. McLeod, 156. Moroccan Butterflies. On some. Otakar Kudrna, 267. Nepticula myrtillella Stainton (Lep. Nepticulidae). J. L. Gregory, 538. Nepticula sorbi Stainton in Kent. J. M. Chalmers-Hunt, 204. New Forest Mercury Vapour Light Records for 1971. L. W. Siggs, 71. Nomenclatural Corrections. V. C. Kapoor, 51. Nomenclatural Status of the Cotton Jassid Amrasca devastans (Dis- tant). V. C. Kapoor and A. S. S$oh2,251. Odonata Warwickshire. G. S. Vick, 198. Oak Apples. The Inhabitants of. A. E. le Gros, 170. Ouropteryx sambucaria L. (Lep.) in the New Forest. Aberration of. L. W. Siggs, 248. Palpita unionalis Hiibn. at Portland. C. G. M. de Worms, 288. Papilio homerus Fabricius A. G.. M. Batten. 206. CONTENTS V Parascotia fuliginaria L. on the Mid- land (Birmingham) Plateau. L. J. Evans, 2382. Pediasia contaminella, (Htibner) in Middlesex. David Agassiz, 249. Phyllonorycter rajella L. (Lep. Gracillaridae) in Hampshire. S. E. Whitebread, 232. Phyllonorycter trifasciella Haw. An upper surface mine. A. M. Emmet, 205. Phyllonorycter _ trifasciella Haw. (Lep. Gracillariidae) an upper surface mine. J. L. Gregory, 78. Phytonomus meles (Col. Curcu- lioniidae) in Britain. A contribu- tion to the knowledge of. A. A. Allen, 110. Pieris rapae L. A Gynandromorph. F. J. Renshaw, 250. Pieris rapae L. Larvae throughout the Winter. Brian O. C. Gardiner, 144. Platychirus podagratus (Zett.) (Dip. Syrphidae). Alan J. Brown, 250. Plebejus argus (L) caernensis Thompson. A Stenoecious Geo- type. R. L. H. Dennis, 132. Poecilmitis phosphor (Trimen) (Lep. Lycaenidae). A study of. C. D. Quickelberge. 85. Polygonia c-album L. in Flintshire, North Wales. R. L. H. Dennis, 143. Polygonia c-album L in Kent. J. M. Chalmers-Hunt, 148. Procus versicolor Borkhausen in Derbyshire. F. Harrison, 286. Pseudoagrion rubiceps Selys in tan- dem with Pseudoagrion micro- cephalum (Rambur) (Odonata: Coenagriidae) Tandrib Ranjan Mitra and A. R. Lahiri, 19. Psilogramma jordana Bethune-Baker (Lep. Svhingidae). Genital Stri- dulation in Male. Gaden S. Robinson, 213. Purple Emperor in Surrey. J. A. C. Greenwood, 266. Pyrale. An early. D. J. L. Agassiz, 114. Remarkable Aberration taken in the ald Forest Another. L. W. Siggs, ae owe in September. D. O’Keeffe. Papi Sifolina laura Emery (Hym. Formi- cidae) in South Hants. P. J. Attewell and D. Mackey, 251. Sorhaugenia janiszewskae Reidl. in Essex. A. M. Emmet, 249. Spaelotis ravida D. & Schiff. in North Lancashire D. W. Kydd, 285. Stenoptilia saxifragae Fletcher. F. Harrison, 287. Stigmella hodgkinsoni (Stt)? What is. S.. C.: S.sBrown 2130. Stigmella oxyacanthella Stt (Lep. Nepticulidae). A. M. Emmet, 204. Stigmella oxyacanthella Stt. (Lep. Nepticulidae). J. L. Gregory, 77. Suffolk. The 1971 Season in. Guy A Ford, 54. Sugaring. The Decline and Fall of. G F. Waddington, 288. Tarucus bowkeri (Trimen) (Lep. Lycaenidae) with a Description of a New Sub-species. Notes on. C. D. Quickelberge, 233. Thestor basutus (Wallengren) (Lep. Lycaenidae). Observations on and a description of a race of. Cc. G. C. Dickson, 253. Vanessa antiopa L. at Steeple Barton Oxfordshire. H. B. D. Kettlewell, 80. Wicken Fen Archives. John Smart, 283. Worst June on Record: Light Trap Results for Lepidoptera. The. R. F. Bretherton, 22. Xanthorrhoe fluctuata L. Early Emergence of. H. N. Michaelis, 78. Yponomeuta padella L. (Lep. Ypono- meutidae). Abundance of. J. L. Gregory, 54. Ypso'ophus horridellus Treitschke. H. E. Chipperfield, 78. Ypsolophus horridellus Treitschke in Kent. E. S. Bradford, 19. Yugoslavia 1971. Butterflies in. A. G. Irwin, 6i, 97. Zygaena Fabricius from Asia Minor (Lep. Zygaenidae). On Two New Races of the Genus. Hugo and Gunther Reiss, 226. Zygaena in 1972 and a Holiday in West Scotland. Notes on. N. Gill, PATI CURRENT NOTES Conservation of British Insects. Joint Committee for the, 94. Retirement of F. W. Byres. 176. Warwickshire Lepidoptera Survey, 144. VI CONTENTS CURRENT LITERATURE Army Ants—A Study in Social Or- ganisation by TT. Schneilda. Edited by Howard R. Topoff, 292. Atlas Provisoire des Insectes de Belgique. Edited by Jean Leclercq, 27. Australian Butterflies. Charies Mc- Cubbin, 172. British Arachnological Society. Bulletins of the Flatford Mill Spider Group and the British Spider Study Group, 83. Butterflies of Malta. Valletta, 292. Anthony Butterflies of the Australian Region. Bernard d’Abrera, 171. The Desert Locust, Stanley Bacon, 174 Fundaments of Applied Entomoiogy. Roberdt E. Pfadt, 115. How to Begin to Study Entomology. Anthony Wootton, 251. Jamaica and its Butterflies. F. Mar- tin and Bernard Heineman, 207. Lepidoptera Genetics. Roy Robinson, 28. Termites, Their Recognition and Control. W. V. Harris, 82. Woodlice. Stephen Sutton, 252. OBITUARY NOTICES Baynes, Edward Stuart Augustus, 209. Cue, Percy, 26. Farwell, Christopher Guy, 55. Ransome, Algenon Lee, 56. Editorial, 283. Rossell, Colonel H. G. T., 175. Smith Dennis Alfred, 291. Sperring, A. H., 81. AUTHORS Agassiz, D. J. L., 114, 115, 249. Allen A. A., 22, 110. Attewell, P. J., 251. Batten, A. G. M., 206. Bell, Alan, 285. Birkett, Neville L., 251. Boswell, P. A., 292. Bradtord, EE: 'S., 19; 26453. Bretherton, R. F., 22, 29. Briggs, J., 290. Brindle, A., 199, 281. Brown, Alan J., 250. Brown, David, 151. Brown, Ss: Co's:, 138. Campbell, J. L., 196. Chappel, H. M., 25. Chalmers-Hunt, J. M., 52, 114, 143, 204, 286. Chipperfield, H. E., 78. Coutsis) J-G.y 29) 731450251. Cowan, C. F., 80, 124. Daciers: Ve, 257: Dennis) Re. H., 1, 38, 132,143) Dickson, C. G: C., 258: Dyer, J: L., 290. Emmet, A. M., 204, 205, 249. 286. Bwana, Yo2. Fearnehough, T. D., 57, 102. ffennell, D. W., 114. Ford, G. A., 54. Gainstord) AL Po At Gregory, J. L., 53, 54, 72, 78, 231. Harman, “PW. 272 Harper, G. W., 65. Harper, M. W., 115. Harrison, F., 286, 287. Harrison, R., 114. Higgins, h."G., 29° Huggins, H. C.,'163, 195, 209)-282: Hulme, Derek C., 180. Hyde, George E., 24. Irwint oa. G, 67.°9% Jacobs, ‘S:!N. A., 27, 82,5115) aria, 174, 201, 251, 252, 292. Kapoor V. ‘C., ‘0130165: Kettlewell, H. B. D., 80. Kudrna, Otakar, 267. Kydd, D. W., 285. Bahive yA. R., 19. Le Gros, A. E., 170. Little, JE: A193: Longdon, M. B., 54. Luckens, C. J., 289. Mackey, D., 251. Masters, John H., 177. McLeod, L., 69, 156. Micheelis, H. N., 78. Nitra. Ih? R., 19. Murphy, F. M., 83. Newton, J., 278. O’ Heffernan, H. L., 207. O’Keeffe, D., 127, 289. Opheim, M., 20. Palmer, R. M., 269. Passos, Cyril dos., 238. Payne, J. H., 114. Peet, PN: -D..207. Perceval, M. J., 215. Pilcher, R. E. M., 250. Quickelberge, C. D., 85, 233. Reiss, Gunther, 226. Reiss, Hugo, 226. Renshaw, F. J., 250. CONTENTS Robinson, Gaden S., 213. Rutherford, C. I., 143. Sadler, Es A., 12, 44. Sevastopulo, D. G., 76, 114. Siggs, L. W., 71, 241, 248. Smart, John, 283. Smithy. CLj8h: Smiths Fee Nd 175, Soh, An SiS): Stubbs, Alan E., 140. Swain, F. A., 170. Tomlinson, R., 75. Tremewan, W. G. T., 28. Vick? ‘Gos 198: Waddington, L. G. F., 79, 288. Watson, R. W., 11, 55, 56. Wheeler, A. S., 32. Whitebread, S. E., 232. Wild} “Beth 23225: Wiltshire, E. P., 230. Worms, C. G. M. de., 26, 29, 33, 79, 98, 184, 203, 205, 219, 242, 248, 288. Vil ‘i Fa x cc & oe sn 7 Tit ira Ri ape he, Sf afin’ ry ae oh ‘ (4 ome Ra 1 ae Loaf RS Dal He, a rd Naa 8 8 aS PR an, Se Fae DOR Ae ROO UETS ME 208 be: Bi pris f “ Pai MR eae 2 Payis uy % h: . ib , 3 fi cf : i at j i . ‘ i f * , |e it iG Bh hs a yi yea a" * , a fiend etaoeetie ye % at eG abs ae ty bit (ae aoa: ee, ee ie ioe why tl 2a? dal i ; The Entomologists Record and Journal of Variation SPECIAL INDEX VOL. 84, 19792 PAGE LEPIDOPTERA abbreviata (Eupithecia) sp: OD, bok apmetelia: .CDIOPYCITia). «se... 278 abpsupearia (Menophra) . ... c+; 187 BMBeCISsahan( L@BECSIA) :. sp. afe 4: 279 absinthiata (EHupithecia) ........ 189 Beneige, (SOLEYIMON): el sta bie 161 seeiparon CHeodes) |. 46.) 5523 158 achemon (Cosmosoma) ........ 246 BeHeEONta > CHISLORIS) jos... .3 sc 243, 245 APIA aIAtas MOE TAIOLMISE yes «uo: «ass 247 acis (C. semiargus) acontioides (Lyncestis) ........ 247 = oUsiece USEIA LS). 158 acteon (Thymelicus) 109, 122, 162, 211, 266 adippe (A. cydippe) admetus (Agrodiaetus) 150, 258, 259, 260, 261, 265 agusra: .Chunnehtis) .{asewiS?). Ade 129 adustana (Endothenia) ........ 20 agustate Ctedia) | ..........0805 72 advenat(Orthosia) —.bsinegsishh).. ee, aegeria (Pararge) 58, 69, 70, 97, 117, 120, 162, 196, 264, 268 aescularia (Alsophila) .......... 270 aethiops (Erebia) ...... 101, 123,211 ammipaca” (Perizoma)® “226.6 4... 152 agathina (Amathes) ...... 128, 192 agestis (Aricia) 97, 104, 119, 149, 265 aglaia (Argynnis) 63, 68, 76, 80, 120, 121, 122... 154..159, 1989: 191, 262, 274 alberganus (Erebia) ............ 99 albicosta (Coleophora) ........ .. 280 albimacula (Hadena) .......... 212 albiplaga (Manduca) ...... 221, 246 albipunctata (Cosymbia) ........ 187 albitarsella (Coleophora) ...... 280 aia GNola).. ... Keiecwnsrs! 212, 274 albulata (Asthena) ............ 152 alpplata. (Perizoma) ¢ 225 hth 5. Se: 45 alceae (Carcharodes) .... 35, 97, 266 alcetas (Everes) ...... 257, 259, 265 alchemillata (Perizoma) ........ 190 aleiphron (Heodes) ........ 161, 264 aleons (Maculineéa): ..cn032% . ncoees 148 alecyone (Hipparchia) 69, 158, 259, 260, 263 alexanor (Papilio) 33, 34, 35, 36, 158, 159 alexis (Glaucopsyche).... 36, 37, 161 algae (Nonagria) ........:. 212, 274 allous (Aricia) 97, 102, 149, 161, 265 ainueCApatelere wy cae. ees. 54, 152 PAGE alniaria (Deuteronomos) .. 130, 155 MOPGHCETiBMyiS) (sodden lOS pees 246 aipium CVioma) ) 033). ters". 12 ems! 153 aiternaria (Semiothisa) ........ 153 aiveus (Pyreus) oo baler). 150, 266 amanda (Lysandra) .. 34, 35, 161, 265 amata (Calothysanis) .......... 241 ambippan(Caradrina) satc lisse Leu 189 anassa (Empyremna) .......... 246 andraemon (Papilio) 220, 242, 244 andromedae (Pyrgus) .......... 99 androna (Bomolocha) »::........ 247 anomala (Stilbia) 129, 154, 191, 275 antaeus (Cocytius) ........ 242, 246 anteros, (Aricia). \...... 37, 259, 265 anthalea (Pseudochazara) .. 37, 258, 259, 263 aniipenena (Cyaninisy .. Se 32 antiopa (Nymphalis) . a0, GG. 80, 101, 109, 159, 259, 262) 285 apollinus. -CArchon)es Saar, Sune 146 apollo (Parnassius) . 100, 146, 158 aprilina (Griposiay 7) Si tion 23 arcania (Coenonympha) .. 97, 101, 158, 264 areola. (xy locampay «2:4... 185, 186 arethusa (Arethusana) .......... 162 alone (PROewIS) . oo ae 243, 244 argentimaculella (Infurcitinea).. 53 argentula (Coleophora) ........ 183 argiades (Everes) 101, 102, 161 argiolus (Celastrina) .. 18, 36, £06; °117,- 118, ‘954;°161, 1:70: 190, 265 argus (Plebejus) . 1, 104, 121, 132, 161, 188, 189, 190, 211, 265 arion (Maculinea) ees 1 2a ae 211, 259, 265 aristaeus (Hipparchia) .. 34, 37, 146 armigera (Heliothis) ........ 2o7 armoricanus (Pyrgus) .. 34, 150, 266 asella (Heterogenea) ............ 274 asina (Drepanodes) ............ 246 asteria :(Mellicta)s iy (evan) & 100 atalanta (Vanessa) .. 63, 68, 70, 124, 155, 162, 197, 198, 250, 262 athalia (Mellicta) .. 68, 99, 102, 120, 162, 211, 263 atriplicella (Scrobipalpa) ...... 183 atropos (Acherontia) ...... 114, 207 augur (Graphiphora) ...... ta, 19% aurantiaria (Erannis) .. 155, 193, 271 aurella (Nepticula) ............ 205 DUS eee 35, 37 i) PAGE ausonia (Euchloé) .%.53.1.! 68, 73 australis (Colias) 68, 161, 259, 262 autumnaria (Ennomos) ........ 54 avellanella (Semioscopis) ...... 280 aversaia (Sterrhal 225. 2.1... 72 badiata (Rarophilayy ior: 186 badiipennella (Coleophora) .... 184 Baja “CA mathesyre eee) ee 128 balkanicus (Tarucus) .. 258, 260, 265 bankiana '(Eustrotia) 99"). 2 )% 219, basutus. (TPhestory Oley! Boyes 253 Bathseba ,Geyronia) 290.4%) 25 162 Batis iAThyatma) Ae Seeis |) Sow 188 baton (Philotes).. 35, 97, 161, 261, 265 bavius (Philotes) ........ 35, 37, 148 belia « Amthocharisy 5 Vos Pe 157 belHastUitetheisa) WU oe. 2s 246 bellargus (Lysandra).. 105, 119, 120, 154, 161, 211, 261, 265 Denier (Eyres) «224. acres sens 162 berberata (Pareulype) .......... a2 bergmanniana (Croesia) ........ 49 betulae (Thecla)....104, 124, 155, 275 betularia (Biston) .. 28, 72, 188, 190 biecolorata; CHadena):...).32 1535200 bidentata (Gonodontis) ........ 130 bilunaria —(Selenia):... 4.2 eee 186 bimaculata, (Bapta). 2... duc nth e 187 bipunctaria (Ortholithay.. 4 ies 189 birivaata . CXanthorhoe)s 2%) +. a3. 144 biundularia (Ectropis) .... 185, 186 boeticus (Lampides) ........ 109, 161 Borel (Gortyna) oan or 6 Ey ale bourkei (Heterosmaita) .... 243, 246 BGOWKELL CRARUIGUS) aussi k co ciettee 233 peactea: UPIUSIa So ec kee 154, 273 brassicae (Pieris) 68, 70, 106, 117, 157,.,161;.196, 262,, 267 brise1s’ (Chaxara) 2:1 7: 69, 258, 263 brontes (Manduca) .... 221, 242, 246 brumata (Operophtera) .... 78, 155 brunnea *CDiarsia) 802.195. BAL .. (2. brunnearia (Selidosema) .. 154, 190 bEyonmiae (Pieris) i. 6. ee se 99 buetineri.(Sedinia) 4... 517) eee 5d eacaliae. (PYyreus) oi ase3b-014- - 98, 100 ecaesarea (Phragmatobia) ...... 158 caesia (Hadena) 14, 17, 44, 46, 50, 197 caesiata (Entephria) ...... 191, 192 eazcus (Phryxus) © .....g¢sltleis-8? 246 eaja #Anetioan.....cargenatz; 158, 190 c-album (Polygonia) 37, 64, 70, 117, 143, 157, 190, 262 caliginosa (Acosmetia) ........ 2a eambrica (Ventulsia)inaoe). . 22.600 273 camilla (Limenitis) 102, 121, 123, 180, 189, 190, 274 capsophila (Hadena) ........ 1a ove captiuncula (Phothedes) .. 212, 273 capucina (Lophopteryx) ........ 128 cardamines (Anthocaris) 34, 65, 10; 107, 1138. 157,-170; 187 SPECIAL INDEX PAGE cardul (Vanessa) .... 63, 68, 70, 124. 157, 197, 250 carmelita (Odontosia) .. 65, 186, 269 carmmioli¢ea (Zygacna) “oes 159 carpinata (Trichopteryx) .. 185, 186 cassioides (Erebia) ... 333ee2 eee 99 eassius (Leptotes). <2...» - 222, 245 castanea (Amathes) ........ 128, 191 castaneae (Phragmatecia) ...... 212 eastrensis (Malacosoma) ........ 212 eceilia “(Pyronia) )* eee 37;. 162 celtis (Libythea).. 36, 37, 68, 260, 262 centifoliella (Stigmella) ........ 130 cerisyi (Allancastria) ...... 145, 261 cervinalis (Rheumaptera) .. 187, 272 cespitis, (Tholera) ~ 722 eae 197, 275 chamomillae (Cucuilia) .... 54, 73 charitonius (Heliconius) 221, 243, 245 chenopodiata (Ortholitha).. 191, 198 chi (Antitype) .). eee ae 129 ehiron’ (Eumedonia)> 124 7e=ae see 100 chloerata (Chloroclystis) ........ 205 chlorosata (Lithina) .. 225, 269, 271 chrysidiformis (Aegeria) ...... 211 chrysippus (Danaus)? te" 4 See 268 ehrysitis’*(Plusiqy’ ce eee 129, 191 ehryson. (Plusia). [o0sier- ee 212 cinxia (Melitaea) .. 34, 57, 60, | Eee neuen nde 119;s16%, 2idear2 circe (Brintesia) ...... 158, 259, 263 circellaris (Agrochola) .... 129, 288 citrata (Dysstroma) .. 130, 191, 192 elathrata (Chiasmia) 74! 22) See 15 claudina .CMrebia). .. ‘Gaze 98, 99 elavis (Agrotis) “Si7"- e248 54, 182 cleopatra (Gonopteryx)..37, 157, 258, 262 cluentius (Neococytius) ........ eral cocytius (Neococytius) ........ ppt coelestina (Agrodiaetus) 29, 149, 251 cornata (Thera) ..2)4o) aes 17 colquhounana (Eana) .......... 16 columella (Thecla)e2b2h)) SHR 345 comes (Euschesis) .............. 128 comitata (Pelurga) (*2.44 S79 196 comma (Hesperia).. 97, 100, 123, 211 comma -(Leucania). .... 20758 270 complana (Bilema)* (v4). ee 154 compta (Hadena) .. 54, 79, 144, 207 econducta (Perigea) ......5..... 175 confusa’ (Plusia) ....7930"2 26 conjugata (S. promutata) consonaria: (Ectropis)°>2). 303 273 conspersa (Hadena) ...... 153, 198 contaminellus (Pediasia) ...... 249 contigua (Hadena) .. 45, 129, 153, 188 convolvuli (Herse) ........ 192, 275 coridon (Lysandra).. 97, 101, 105, 123, 154, 158, 189, 190, 260, 265 corticea (A. clavis) corylata (Electrophaes) .....:.. 188 SPECIAL INDEX 3 PAGE Coryiieteoloecasia) 1208) . 524.1 \iie 187 coryly Chithocolletis)) » ec 3). a8: 183 costaesirigalis (Schrankia) ...... 196 crataegella (Stigmella) 2.2.0... 204 crataegi (Aporia) . 35, 36, 109, 159, 262 erataesi (Trichivra)sir.: 3.2". 128, 155 erapista ((Dasychira)sinaio dA. 206. 76 crenata (Apamea) .......... Tov bol crepuscularia (Ectropis) ........ 45 eripraria /(Coseimia)i oli... 181, 211 cribrum (C. cribraria) crinanensis (Hydraecia) ........ 129 croecus (Colias) .. 24, 35, 37, 68, 102: 107,., 124, 161, 262,. 268 Crudae(@renosia) | poy.ciel es). sce 186 cruentis (Neococtius) .......... 246 cuculla (L. cucullina) cucullina (Lophopteryx) 54, 153, 274 culiciformis (Aegeria) .......... 272 Crlirariay (Orepana) ..... 4... i2t: 155 Pe lein (CIOSHCTA): vive sf ess. on 152 curvatula (Drepana) ........ 79, 203 cydippe (Argynnis .. 63, 68, 76, P2125, 159. tSo 2os dabanensis (Erebia) ............ 238 dati (DiaTsia) 2 5... 2 3 128;..215 Paiva Meroe) iil. ida. . aks) 223, 244 daphne <Brenthis) 0... ys... 159, 263 daphnis (Meleageria) 97, 101, 261, 265 daplidice (Pontia) .. 68, 161, 262, 268 debiliata Chloroelystis), ...... ..... 72 debilis, (huphydryas) . oe... ss 100 decolorata (Everes) 101, 257, 260, 265 decolorella (Blastobasis) .... 25, 170 agecorelia*GViommpha) *.. 2h). ere. 183 decrepitaria (Erastria) ........ 247 defoliaria (Erannis) 24, 78, iy, 093 201, 275 degeneraria (Sterrha) .... 189, 212 BetOne, OMEMICta) so. ei. Pn se ese 162 eoMeata ALAS) oe ec ah oa 246 deplana (Eilema) ...... 73, 189, 274 depuncta (Amathes) ............ 128 Herivans (Paracolax) .. 2.0.2: 212 Herivatd sVAgiieled) oP rs 186 designata (Xanthorhoé) ........ 187 gia reelossianay ores A. 159, 263 diamina (Mellicta) .............. 158 Graphane (Greta) 8. YOIS. & 222, 245 didyma (Melitaea) 34, 35, 68, LOZ, 1621/2638 didymata (Colostygia) 129, 153, 191 Aili -CASDNAlIA) mcwixda\stan css -dee! 155 Ge PAria oLSLOLPHA) rus 3.2 \« o oyasehs Be 212 ERTL wih BAT CINE bibl ces oye oe Shey> - 222, 244 ance: (EO1OBUrA) — . 409..s.4cia n Sen: 243 gispar (LycaGaa) «sic. . 22° - 122, 211 dissimilis (H. suasa) dissoluta (Nonagria) ........ 54, 275 dodonaea (Drymonia) ...... 152, 188 aolapraria..(Plagodis) er. 188 golus (Agrodiaetus) ...........: 161 PAGE domestica (Bryotropha)...... re es dominula (Panaxia) ........ Pass TG dorcas® (Mestra):) (S/o 0 Ae. 220, 245 dorus (Coenonympha) .......... 162 dorylas (Lysandra) dromedarius (Notodonta) ...... 196 aryas ss (Mimoats) "3922: 97, 102, 158 duponehe! (Cocytius) ae 246 Guponcheli (Leptidea).. 259, 260, 261, 262 SOLA -CANAMISIS os) ms oe 34 esaea '(Dinamina)) A. Js... 221, 245 egea (Polygonia) .. 34, 36, 37, 68, 157,,. 262 epenaria: (Eupithecia): «osc. 4.50 212 elathea (Eurema) .......... 223, 244 elinguarian (Crocallis), 924 neu 189 ello (GEFINAYVIS ys aes ia aee 246 elpenor (Deilephila) ...... 188, 190 emortualis (Trisateles).. 212, 273, 274 ephialtes (Zygaena) fanictit’ss ie 28 epiphron (Erebia) 100, 102, 273 epistygne (Erebia) .../:....... 162 epomidion (Apamea) .......... 273 equitella (Glyphipteryx) ...... 183 eremita (Dryobotodes) guise 155 ergane (Pieris) .. 33, 37, 68, 102, 260, 262 evicata. (Sylecirariate Ss! . Seog 247 eroides (Polyommatus) 257, 259, 266 eros (Polyommatus) ...... 100, 161 erosaria (Deuteronomos) ...... 155 escheri (Lysandra) .. 37, 161, 260, 265 CSCW RS by MOM) rn a. gens totes ea 161 eumedon (Eumedonia) ........ 99 euphorbiae (Apatele) .......... 14 euporanor s(Papiliey ). i020 12,. £38 233 euphrosyne (Clossiana) .. 24, 36, 62765 ;"\68s (9956 118 "1205 152: 162, 187, 263 euryale (Erebia) ........ 98, 99, 102 eutyiehea, (Catocala) ors a. 2m 34 exanthemata (Deilinia) ........ 130 exclamationis (Agrotis) ........ 225 exsoleta (Xylena) .........: 129, 288 extersaria (Ectropis) ...... 152, 188 extensaria, (Eupithecia) ~....... 26 extimalis (Evergestis) .......... 275 extrema (Arenostola) .......... 211 exulans (Zy SaCHAI oe sok iy ee Hl fagana (B. prasinana) faicata:) (OPO PLer yee pus - ot lae t 72 fast HCHipparcenwa) 2 tue 69, 101, 162 farciw( Sta ropusiit haa wens» 153, 189 faleataria (Drepana).....>. 188, 198 farinosa (Gonopteryx) .. 33, 35, 37; 38; 258, -262 fasciana (Lithacodia) ...... 153, 188 fasélaria’ (HUG piIai wes). 188, 197 fatua (Hipparchia) .... 258, 261, 263 woe PAGE ferula CSaty rus).\.\.aeeaie ph ee ee 153 festiva (D. mendica) festueae (Plusia)’?. yyeskie?: 54, 191 mieta (CASSANGra wed sn Re Re Se 247 filigrammaria (Oporinia) ...... 192 fililpendulae (Zygaena) 159, 277 fimbrialis (Thalera) ........ 212, 274 Hambriata’ Glamor) oc. desde 129 memata “CRBS rag se eae. We. eee 130 flammea (Meliana) ...... 26, 54,202 Mammea Ve aMOlS) Joos seo 65, 186 flavaso (Gortyne) oo... 4. 129, 155 flavescentella (Tinea) .......... 184 flavicornis (Achlyia) 65, 152, 184, 185 flavifimbria (Sericoptera) ...... 247 flavofasciata (Perizoma) .... 153, 197 flexi CGaaspey ria) ie FF. 154 Horestan ‘(Wandwuea)’*! 2 oA 242 floridensis (Callopistria) ........ 247 fluctuata (Xanthorhoé) ...... 78, 129 Hactwosa’ Utetheay yo FA. *. 188 THrGa: » LCribmineal) POLIS ON ohh A 76 formosa (Gy saenayeingk eee 226 foulquieri (P. bellieri) fraternellum (Caryocolum) 183 frisia (Phycioides) .........-.. 245 fPritilarius(Pyreus) O72: nee a 162 fuciformis’ (Hemaris)\-. i 2.5) .00. 159 fuliginaria (Parascotia) ........ 232 fuliginosa (Phragmatobia) ...... 189 fulvata (Cidaria) . 153, 188, 190 funewris. (Pyrausta)) joo ieu lec - 278 furcata (Hydriomena) ...... 73, 129 furcula. CHarpy ia) cities be anes 154 iicves ApamMed) yo 2 2266 Flee 191 fuscantaria (Deuteronomos) .... 155 galathea (Melanargia) .. 59, 68, 101, 122, 124, 159, 189, 259, 260, 263 Saliaka Gapirrhoe) «oo. if 3 ke spec 188, 189 galii (Celerio) ww22oa, 290, 260, 290 gallicana (Laspeyresia) ........ 183 gamma _ (Plusia) S66.)7 22 129) 191, 197, 198, 251 gannascus (Amlypterus) 222, 242, 246 gardetta (Coenonympha) ...... 98 geminipuncta (Nonagria) ...... 54 geoffrella (Oecophora) ........ 184 2 M4162 IP ESL 2 | RRR ORE UO heat 246 gilippus (Danaus) . 221, 244, 245 SUVA, CITES eee yur: Ps 2io Oiivarial GASPIAGES No icne ocr sre oe 211 Standon CASTIAGESI 1. ven riciss 100 glareosa (Amathes) .... 155, 191, 192 PnaphaliwCucwiita) 22)... . .o. 211 OOM A. CE MEOSIA) ee cies hoc e 128 gothica (Orthosia) 184, 185, 186 sraciis (Orthosia) Seer 65 STACHISOCE UISIA) Slane at eee 154 graminis (Cerapteryx) 129, 191, 198 granella (Nemapogon) .......... 184 vriseata (Lithostege) .......... Zii2 erisegin tKilema) (evince ony do SPECIAL INDEX PAGE prossulariata (Abraxas) ........ 189 Srotiana (Epagoge))ysaeemr eae 279 grueneri (Anthocharis) .. 34, 35, 36 halterata (Lobophora) .......... 152 hanno (Hemiargus) ........ 220, 246 harpagula (Drepana) ...... 203, 212 hastata (Rheumaptera) .. 18, 127, 130 hastiana (Acleris)s 7 Ao yeetle Bet 279 haworthiata (Eupithecia) ...... 189 haworthii (Celaena) ...... 129, 192 hebesana (Endothenia) ........ 20 hecate. (Brenthis) "723 eee 146 hegesia (Euptoieta) ........ 222, 245 helena (Cyaniris) .. 29, 35, 36, 37, 149 helvola (Anchosceiis) .. 54, 129, 155 hepatica (Polia) .. 127/429. 272 ere herrichiana (Pammene) ........ 290 herscheli (Erebia) ....0..2..200% 240 hexadactyla (Alucita) :......... 18 hippothoé (Paleochrysophanus).. 264 Girtaria’(Lycia) ose 186 Hispana (CLysandta) > eee 161 hispidaria (Apocheima) .... 152, 184 hodgkinsoni (Stigmella) ........ 130 homerus (Papilio). .206, 208, 219, 220 horridellus (Ypsolophus) .... 19, 78 hortulata (Eurrhypara) .... 114, 198 hucherardi (Hydraecia) ..-..... PAW homilis (Elachistay” =e 183 huntera ‘CV anessa). ee 109 nyare (COllaAS) .\on a ae 102, 107, 161 hybernella (Stigmella) . 183, 204 ylascCNeptis):,:.. 0 22 eens 100, 101 hyperantus (Aphantopus). .60, 80, 122, 126, 148, 1538, 189, 259, 260, 261, 264 icarus (Polyommatus) .. 70, 97, 104, 118, 119, 161, 187, 189, 191, 198, 265 1preritia(Cirrhia) ..... eee 129, 155 icterodactylus (Pterophorus)..17, 163 idas (Lycaeides) ...... 258, 260, 265 ia (Apatura) ...°.- 68, 257, 259, 262 ilicifolia (Epicnaptera) ........ 212 ilicis (Strymon) .... 34, 37, 161, 264 illigerella (Epermania) 183, 280 imitaria (Scopula)i</!/iebeys 34, 72 immorata. (Scopula) .5.3 26ee 212 immutata (Scopula)s.2ianey. 152, 182 impuraGieucania) . ace 198 incarnatana (Notocelia) ........ 48 immcerta’ (Orthosia)®) \?) Sears 185, 186 ineonstans (Panula)”: 2% agen 247 indivata -(Eupithecia)* ae 130 ino (Brenthis)'*’.:. >) Pree 162 inornata (S. straminata) insigniata (Eupithecia) ........ 27 imsulata (Ammialo),.....6r see 246 interrogationis (Plusia) .... 197. 198, 250 SPECIAL INDEX PAGE intimella (Dechtiria) .......... 183 intricata (Eupithecia))... ..22 20° 128 id (Inachis) .: 64, 68, 102, 117, 186, 196, 262 jak. tmathalis) ys... APRS: 222, 245 iota (P. jota) iphis (Coenonympha) .......... 102 MESON ESTOLIS)® (LO) BL 72 iris (Apatura) FOLAVVOS, 7122; 189, 266 irregularis (Anepia) .......... 211 irriguata (Eupithecia) .......... 225 irrorella (Setina) 15, 18, 48, 196, 277 jacobaeae (Callimorpha)..11, 189, 190 jamaicensis (Callopistria) ...... 247 janiszewski (Sorhagenia) ...... 249 iamtminae - Choschesis) oo. 22. PS: 198 Japontea: \(Brahnmaea):)....... ..: ht ieee Ce nabaxes) ... 0... % PAS ai | 3p jacrophnae (Anartia) ....2..... 220, 245 foros CPsiloeramma) ~.. 60... 213 TONE Gen ICTY) ele allot 6 aimee teal bi 66 Vso CALETS iets... 2a. ee ee 196 julia.(Colaenis) ...... 220, 221, 245 ianEperata (Clhera), ....... .. ..y. 128, 130 juriimad OVaniola).. ...37,; .50,. 58, 70, 97. 120, 126, 162, 189, 259, 263 EMM OZIZCTA ie |. fata 4. Se 268 kozhantshikovi (Erebia) ........ 238 krueperi (Pieris) Boucle \ 200. 2A2 Luhnen (CArcema) ) cas atts) eyes 193 lacertinaria (Drepana)..152, 188, 269 leetearian(JomIs)irwee wd} . 2 ilees sy 188 album ‘CPolygonia) « ):4.)- 2 24, 189 lanestris (Eriogaster) ...... 45 Die lapidata (Coenocalve) .......... 127 lapvonaria (Poecilopsis) .... 65, 127 larissa (Melanargia) .. 34, 37. 38, 263 Interttiay CA pamea))) aie). feast 289 lathonia (Argynnis) 34, 109, 162, 263 lavendulae (Zygaena) ........... 159 lavaterae (Carcharodus) 162, 257, 259, 266 Maviniia CP recisp uM ks) . 2 220, 245 leander (Coenonymnpha) ........ 148 leautieri (Lithophane) .. 23, 25, Bi M2 fecmetla eC MeSIAS). ofc a se ee 129 Veperina, CA pAlele) wees a ae 54 leucavennis (Coleophora) ...... 183 leucographa (Gypsitea) 185. 186 leucophaeria (Erannis) 152, 184 leucostigma (Celaena) ...... 54, 129 menenea CERAMICS) os met. cee oe 24 ligea (Erebia) TOT. (G225.2:5'7. 259, 263 lignata (Orthonama) ...... 155, 275 lignea (Blastobasis) ........ 25.170 Moment LEeonistrayn On... . 6 Be 988 itgustri (Craniophora)© i)).). .wicabs 196 5 PAGE igustrin. (Sphinx): ... teen) Lee 153 limitata (O. chenopodiata) linearia (Cosymbia) ...... 190, 273 hinedia> (idaea)y der 8 te geeks 212 lineola (Thymelicus) ...... 124, 266 hisa’ (Harema)’ 2)... ere. oA 220, 244 itterana :(Aicleris)! £2.05 Ye 183 lithoxylea. (Apamea)”’ ®i')).. 2G 189 bittoralis: ‘((Lobestayse re! > oS iie 279 litural (Anchoseelisy /.). 2°) 2. 2 aN 129 liturata’ (Semiothisaye ott) 2m 188 lnvornies (Celerio) Aa), Bis 9000 26 lonicerae (Zygaena) .... 159, 276, 277 lophyrella (Sorhagenia) ........ 249 loreyi. (Leuecaniay’ 1ogt Sous, 175 Teta’! (A crocholay a2 UVa? “Be 23 loti (Zygaena) ........ 212, 21G P2171 lubricipeda (Spilosoma) .... 188, 224 Tucens (EHydraecia). (215) 202° 129, 192 lucina (Hamearis) .. 97, 103, 120, 162, 273 lucretia (Pseudoacraea) ........ 76 Tre hiracat CPU Via bo cues ck 212 hictwosa CACONLTIAy vee ae 211 luculella (Telephusa) .......... 289 MPM Tis * CHMVON. oc en tue eee ee 246 lonaria’*(Séeleniar o.oo. 14, 45 luneburgensis (Aporophyla) 129, 191 lunula (Aporophyla) ...... 129, 275 lunula (Colophasia) .... 24, 144, 211 lupinus (Hyponephele) 259, 263 lnridesla Chrlenm) coe. o. 190, 269 SUSE ay Gl gS 2 9 Phe geechator teen) Spa eha Meeks 155 futea “(Spriosomal ooo... ose 188, 224 Teteais: “CUbear nw aaa foes 198 luteolata (Opisthograptis) ...... 130 lutosa (Rhizedra) .. 24, 129, 197, 198 lycaon (Hyponenhel) .. 162, 259, 263 Iyehnidis (Agrochola)').") 2.52.24 270 bychnitis, (Cueathaye: 275 ts Le 212 lyside: (Sricogeniay ie. Se Bete 244 machaon (Papilio) .. 34, 68, 108, 159, 180, 211, 261 macilenta (Agrochola) Fue T2020 macularia (Pseudopanthera) .. 153 maculeum (Caryocolum) ........ 183 maculipennis (Plutella) ........ 72 maera (Lasiomata) .... 101, 162, 264 malella (Stigmella) .........04. 183 malvae (Pyrgus) .. 70, 108, 118, 119, 120, 162 malvella (Pexicopia) .......... 183 PWAMAEET pAOESEOTIS) | css odes a nas 4 37, 262 mantis (Erebia) ...dartas?> ..a: 99, 100 marginana (Eudothenia) ........ 183 marginaria (Erannis) ...... 154.272 marginea (Tischeria) .......... 205 marginellus (Dichomeris) ...... 183 marginepunctata (S. promutata) marginicolella (Nepticula) ...... 183 marloyi (Erynnis) ....,..; 258, 266 6 SPECIAL INDEX PAGE PAGE maura Viormo) .....eeaieee. eh 155 nigricans (BHuxoa) Si ae7-4) eee 72 megera (Pararge) .. 50, 70, 97, nigroplaga (Ecpantheria) ...... 246 118, 162, 264 nigropunctata (Scopula) ‘sec 212 melampus (Erebia)) .toces!: 99, 100 niobe\(Wabriciana) 2). .....5... al, 203 melanocephala (Lymire) ........ 246 nisa ‘(Hurema):.).. ... ape 220 mellinata Ciysrisier. +. fers 4 270 nivalis’ (hrebia)ocwn:. . /eaee: 99, 100 miendica (Cyenia)mierely.A). 13, 45 nobilitella (Cydosia) .......).. 247 mendica (Diarsiadiieecs.. .: 191, 224 noctuella (Nomophila) .. 72, 197, 198 menephron (Psilogramma) ...... 2S normalis (Auximobalis) ........ 170 menyanthidis (Apatele). .46, 127, 128 nostrodamus (Gegenes) .... 258, 266 meolans Cirebtia) s itietsnes.). Ac 162 nubeculosa (Brachyonica) ...... 65 mesomelia (ey pOsia) iin...) oh. 51: 153 nupta (Catocala))«..iqeeke. 155512 G5 metaxella (Nemophora) ........ 183 oblonga (Apamea) .............. 275 meticulosa (Phlogophora) ...... 23 obscura (Erinnyis) ........ 242, 246 mi Chpelidimera) ” Fosse. tT) be 270 obscurata. (Gnophos): ts a5n0e0 (ed miata (Chioroclystay ¢letnns. 2... 130 obsoleta (Heliothis). + .caz—asee 51 nmucacea CdGortyna), . fanneeco 8). 129 obsoleta (Leucania) .... 54, 154, 274 microtheriella (Nepticula) ...... 184 obtusa (Pelosia) .............. 212 millefoliata (Eupithecia) ...... 212 occitanica (Melanargis) ...... 159 mimosaesGArgema)’. 20/062 !3 04: 193 occulta (Eurois) .. 129, 169, 191, 259 minimus (Cupido) .. 16, 48, 66, ocellaris (Cirrhia). 7... yaa eee 288 97, 100, 106, 118, 119, 120, 122, ochrata (Sterrha) cee eee pail, 161, 261, 165, 275 ochrearia (Aspitates) Be eae e3: 192 miniosa (Orthosia) ........ 152, 185 ochrodactyla (Platyptilia) ...... pe missipus (Hypolimnas) ........ 244 ochroleuca (Eremobia) .......... fir mittrei (Argema) .............. 193 oe Staats beet tte eee tenes re mnemosyne (Parnassius) .... 35, 37 oculea (Hydraecia) ............ . odius (Historis) “2722. 243, 244, 245 monacha (Lymantria) ...... 155, 274 a odorata (Ascalapha) 221, 242, 244, 247 moneta o(POlyehrisia).. on... 5. 190 is (hinabiad 98. 99 monoglypha (Apamea) .... 129, 198 Feceesas Clie \ ae imi cere ees eee so om oileus (Pyrgus) ............ 223, 246 a ea ibe olicet * 4 211 oleracea (Diataraxia) .......... 198 ei, BCOSLOLA) tat yh olivacea )(Oxydia)'*':.) steam 247 morsei (Leptidea) ............., 101 olivaceella (Coleophora) ........ 184 mucronellus (Ypsolophus) ...... 280 ononaria (Aplasta) 211 istrigaria (Colostygia) .. 65 Bn. | (ne multistrigaria y , ophiogramma (Apamea) .... 54, 154 152, 186 optilete (Vacciniini) ............ 99 munmda ¢Orthosia) ..-.)152; 185,186 Orbiter (Spialia) </). 099). «ee 34 mundana (Nudaria) ............ 189 orbitulus (Albulina) ........ 99, 100 mundella (Mniophaga) ........ 18 orientalis (Carcharodus) 34, 35, 266 munitata (Xanthorhoé) .... 191, 273 orion (M. alpium) miiimeata MSierrna)s: iis fA eo 153 orion (Scolitantides) .. 97, 101, 265 muscemlosa (Grip) 2.3 274 ornata (Scopula)'20¢228,2) ae eee 187 myellus (C. permutatellus) ornithogalli (Prodenia) ........ 247 Huy THM GORE A COMAS) Soh) len dso 102 ornitopus (Lithophane) ........ 23 myrtillella (Nepticula) ........ 53 osiris (Cupido) (o..208303h eee 3) mysippus (Hypolimnas) ........ 245 osterodensis (Zygaena) ........ 227 ‘ otognatha (Aglaonice) .......... 247 Foe ane toh oe “ag-_-—sootregiata (Lampropteryx) .. 115, 155 g BEd oc a ogg cae ottomanus (Heodes) .. 143, 260, 264 nanata (Eupithecia) .. 130, 151, 187 hella. (Sti ila) 76. 183. 204 naples @eoloria) ..o. 62.52 2502. 100 pry aCe LEME a hey , napi (Pieris) .. 65, 70, 107, 117, padella (Yponomeuta) ........ 54 161, 192, 262 palaemon (Carterocephalus) 66, nebulesa(Polia)... .8i0P he. 188, 190 124, 211 nemorellus (Ypsolophus) ...... 78 paleacea, (Enargia)’ "eee 275 neoridas (Erebia) Ads. SEIS 162 palés' “(Boloria) .. .:.. 7 eee 99 neurica '(Nenagriay 2.0.0. .2 2a 212 palpina (Pterostoma) ...... 187, 188 at CPlusiae soHiOe ee. Meee 26 palustris (Hydrillula) .......... 212 nicippe: Churéetha) \. 0222 2°85 223, 244 pamphilus (Coenonympha) .. 60, nickerlii (Luperina) .......... 212 69, 70, 97, 119, 162, 264 nigra (A, lunula) pandora (Pandoriana) .... 258, 262 SPECIAL INDEX PAGE pandrose (Erebia) ...2.10.....: 99 paphia (Argynnis) .. 63, 68, 101, 102, 121, 123, 159, 190, 262 pariana (Simaethis) a5: 40). 22 280 parthenias (Archiearis) .. 65, 152, 185,)-186 parthenoides (Mellicta) ........ 162 pastinum (Lygephila) .......... 154 pedaria (Phigalia) ...... 65, 151, 184 pellucida (Hipparchia) ........ 147 pavonia (Saturnia), .......: 187, 192 pelaus (Papilio) ...... 242, 243, 244 pendularia (Cosymbia) ........ 211 pennarian(Colotois).! x4 tsi). . ../11 155 Perla CrYPN1a ied ox corel T4 egy gel 270 perlucidalis (Pyrausta) ........ 225 permutatellus (Crambus) 269, 271 perpendicularis (Gerespa) ...... 247 peiastuis. (Gortyna)<. 234) <2¢iis)< 192 petropolitana (Lasiommata) 97, 162 pharte (Erebia) ........ 98, 99, 100 phicomone (Colias)). <..7.% <2) 99 phlaeas (Lycaena) . 24, 66, 70, 97, 106, 117, 119, 124, 161, 264 phoebe (Melitaea) .. 33, 35, 258, 263 phosphor (Bowkeria) .......... 85 phyleus (Hylephila) ............ 246 pierce (Childonia) i. .PP.0) 2. : 16 pilosaria (P. pedaria) pinastri (Hyloicus) ........ 189, 190 pimellas: <(Catoptria) 2.42. .2 0.02. 271 piniaria (Bupalus) .... 130, 188, 196 pirithous (Syntarucus) 38, 97, 264, 268 piste(Ceramicaye SOs. 127, 129 plantaginis (Parasemia) .... 154, 273 plecta (Ochropleura).......... 224 plexippus (Danaus) 109, 248, 244, 245 plumbaria (Ortholitha) ........ 188 plumbella (Yponomeuta) ...... 249 pluto” “CX ylophaneés) fs. 2. 2. 246 podalirius (Iphiclides) 34, 68, 159, 261 Polaris UebOlOMIA) Yc as V7 polychloros (Nymphalis) .... 37, 38, 64, 102, 162, 211 polycommata (Trichopteryx) .. 186 polydamus (Papilio) ...... 43, 244 polyxena (Charaxes) .......... 34 populata (Lygris) .... 129, 191, 192 populi (Laothoé) 44, 128, 154, 188, 224 populi (Poecilocampa) ........ 55 porata (Cosymbia): } 2908-3 ye>) 152 porcellus (Deilephila) .. 54, 153, 187 189, 190 porphyrea (Peridroma) .. 24, 72, 128 portia (Anaea) ............ 221, 245 prasina (Anaplectoides) ........ 270 prasinana .(Bena)! 1 P4.). 22522249 153 proboscidalis (Hypena) ........ 129 profundana (Eudemis) .......... 279 proleprota (Dasychira) ........ 76 promissa (Catocala) .... 81, 155, 274 promutata (Scopula) ........ 34, 154 pronoe’ (Erebia) Sy 2NS), Peges 101 l PAGE pronuba (Noctua) ...... 24, 129, 154 191, 198 prosapiaria (FE. fasciaria) proterpia (Eurema) ........ 222, 244 peoteus: (Urbanus)< ..... 2. 220, 246 prunatas (ayers) ic. Li gi 72, 154 pruni (Strymonidia) .. 124, 181, 211, 257, 259, 264 pubicornis (Cochleopvhasia) .... 48 pudibunda (Dasychira) 187, 188 pulchella (Utetheisa) ...... 26,4275 pulchellata (Eupithecia) ........ 277 pulchrina (Plusia) 188, 189, 224 pula Epichnoptery miei ye +) -at. 182 pulveraria (Anagoga) .:........ 45 oulniilio (GESENnesy\ ric"); 414 97, 162 punctalis’ (Synaphe) eid. : ar fee 274 punctaria (Cosymbiay e165 4. ak 187 punctinalis (Pseudoboarmia) 183, 188 punctulata (Aethulura) ........ 152 ponetum (Zygacnararjre. ajai2 34 purpuralis (Zygaena) 15, 17, 45, 47, 49, 159, 197, 212, 276, 277 pustulata (Comibaena) ........ 188 pygmaeella (Nepticula) 183, 204 pygmaeola (Hilema) ...... 20233 Qe pygmina (Arenostola) ...... 129, 155 pylaon' (Plebejus) (Veh Peer EN. 37 pyralina (Cosma) ie ies | ee 274 pyri: (Saturnia Pena). sk). eee. 160 pyrina. (Zeuzeray ores. |. BIR. 189 quadra! CLithosrayent tsa.) . * 72, 290 quadripunctaria (Euplagia) 212, 230 quercifolia (Gastropacha) ...... 154 quercus (Quercusia) ...... 258, 264 auercus (Thecla).. 103, 148, 161, 190, 275 rajella (Phyllonorvcter) ........ Dee, rapae (Pieris) 33. 68, 70. 106. 117, 144, 161, 170. 192, 250. 262, 267 ravida (Spaelotis) ...... 154 155, 285 FECENS: LOrayviany Pe Ar! PIN 212 reducta (Limenitis) .. 34. 36. 37, 68, 162, 262 repandaria, (Epioni)........-.-.. 130 repandata: (Alcts) 4% wey. 73, 188 resumens (Pachylioides) ........ 246 reticulata (Heliophobus) 154, 212 rhamni (Gonopteryx) 35. 54, 68, FL 80,167) 581 71202 Th 2185; 190, 206. 248, 258, 262 rhamniella (Sorhagenia) ...... 249 rhomboidaria (Cleora) .. 189, 271 272 ribeata (Deiloptenia) . 189, 272 ridens (Polyplocadeiicwie).. 152, 187 ripartii (Agrodiaetus) 150, 161, 259, 260 261, 265 rivaiow (Epirrhoe) .... Vaya 153, 182 rivilaris, }ONeptis) (ear). Ate 68 roboraria (Boarmia) .. 153, 188, 190 roseana. (Cochylis) emia) ). pina 183 8 SPECIAL INDEX PAGE rosella’ (Stigmella)! ifvu7...eae 183 roxelana (Pararge) 36, 258, 260 264 ruberata (Hydriomena) .... 128, 130 rubi (Cailophrys) 36, 103, 118,161 264 reabLe ( Diarsliaye ease este tk). Boe 128 rubi (Macrothylacia) 44. 128, 153 rupivinata Welemyria) ..... 12%. 212 rubiginea ' (Dasyceampa) . 220). 184 rabiginata=Gseepula)y 2s SO8Ke: 130 rubiginosana (Epinotia) ...... 279 rubricosa (Cerastis) ........ 152, 186 rufanal) GAcleris) acon. Baws 183 rufatayenesias) A Fare Owns 72, 182 rufieornis (Chania): & 186, 187 rufipenella (Caloptilia) ........ 286 rugosana (Phtheochroa) ....... 279 ruminal: (Zerynthie)) -2@ 9). B78 159 rupicapraria’ (Llheria) i). oU sry 151 russiae (Agapetes) ........ 126, 162 Sacitaca (Perizomea) 16195 ).6 1545212 sacitncera “<Pachetra)?:: /) eye 212 saliealis.(Colobochyilia)* <2...) 24. yak Salicata (Colostygia) .. 14, 15, 45, 273 Ssalicicola ‘((Dyspessa)sy). sti a sane 34 salicis (Leucoma) 153, 154, 189 sambucaria (Ourapteryx) .. 190. 248 sannio (Diacrisia) .. 128, 153, 187, 273 sartata:, (GnopRos) pier"). eenl ie 34 satellitia (E. transversa) ........ Satyrata: (Bap ithecia) wedyrimy 8: . «cv 182 Raiurion. (C..Sardettalnvii!). 2kk saxicola (Homeosoma) ........ 221 saxifragae (Stenoptilia) .. 46, 49, 287 scabiosae (Zygaena) «2.2... 62.6. 159 scabrellus (Ypsolophus) ........ 738 scalella (Pseudotelephusa) ...... 279 schmidiella (Telephila) ........ 280 schoenicolella (Glyphipteryx) .. 17 Scipio (Erebiay Aes. bee keel oS. 162 scoliaeformis (Aegeria) ...... 1B; 21d scopulipes (Hemeroplanis) .... 247 secalis (Apamea) ...... 129, 191, 198 selene (Clossiana) 24, 32, 62, 66, oo, 114) 119120" 198 143 153 187, 188. 196, 273, 275 semele (Eumenis) 1, 38, 59, 122 123, 132, 146, 162, 189, 211, 259, 263, 275 Semiargus (Cyaniris) 29, 34, 35, 100, 161, 265 semibrunnea (Lithophane) ...... 24 senectella (Mniophaga) ........ 183 sennae (Phoebis) ...... 220, 243, 244 serratulae (Pyrgus) .... 34, 97, 266 Ssertorius ~(Spialiady J erlos 162, 266 sexalisata (Mysticoptera) .. 153, 188 sextay (Mangucay o.oo. 242, 246 Sidaeneyrous) .. ist: 150, 259, 266 Sifaniens; (Pyreus) (eligi). ieee 109 sisnatana CE pinotialivaoh » . gives 279 simoenta (Teinoletis) ...... 221, 247 PAGE simulans (Rhyacia) ........ 154, 191 Sinapis (Leptidea) .... 14, 34, 45, 48, 68, 101, 124, 161, 190, 262 siterata (Chloroclysta) ...... 73, 130 smaragdaria (Thetidia) ........ 212 socias(hithephane) .....225..5. ae 17 sOlidaginis (Lithomoia) .... 129, 155 sorbi (Nepticula)) 422 ten) eee 204 sororculana (Apotomis) ........ 184 sororiata, (Carsia)’) 2943!) See 182 sparganii (Nonagria) “25h. .2t8% 274 spini (Strymondia) .. 34, 97, 161, 264 sponsa, (Catocala)!* 27). . Rate ee 81 stabilis (Orthosia) 185, 186, 198 statilinus (Hipparchia) ...... 69, 162 statira _(Phoebis)'}.. 22.9 243, 244 stelenes (Metamorpha) .... 220, 245 stelenes (Spiroeta) .............. 208 stellatarum (Macroglossum) .. 72, 159 stirius. (irebia) ) 2... Ree 101 stolida (Grammodes) ............ 34 straminea (Leucania) .......... 275 straminata (Sterrha)? 22i2. fae 188 strataria (Biston) .. 26, 152, 184, 186 strigilis (Protambulix) ./...... 246 strigillaria (Perconia) .2:....40. 187 strigula (L. varia) styx.:(Erebia). ... (staeh! haa. ae 101 suasa (Hadena) .ji<ien: See 54 subbimaculella (Dechtiria) ...... 184 sublustris (Apamea) ............ 273 subrosea (Caenophila) .......... 211 subsericeata (Sterrha) .......... 188 subtusa.(Zenobia). . ..c.jeweeeuene 54 subumbrata (Eupithecia) ........ 187 suffumata (Lamproprteryx) .... 152 suspecta (Parastichtis) .... 129, 189 sylvanus (O. venata) sylvata (Abraxas) «<3. aeons 273 sylvaticella (Coleophtra) ...... 114 sylvestris (Thymelicus) .... 70, 108, 122, 162, 181, 266 15, 35, 66, 70, 108, 118, 162, 266 tages (Erynnis) .. tantillaria (Hupithecia)) sspeaei 271 temerata (Bapta)) vs): eee 188 templi (Dasypolia) ............ 192 tenuiata (Eupithecia) .......... 72 terebrella (Euzophera) ........ 278 tersa (Xylophanes) ........ 221, 246 tesseradactyla (Platiptilia) .. 17, 163 festata CLygris) .... 81, 127, 229. 191, 192 tetralunaria (Selenia) .......... 187 tetrio (Pseudosphinx) ...... 222, 246 theophrastus (Tarucus) ........ 268 thersamon (Thersamonia) 34, 35, 258, 259, 264 thersites (Lysandra) .... 35, 258, 265 thespis' (Tarucus)icnwe. ayaa 237 thoas (Papilio) infohese tee 223, 244 thorasella (Bucculatrix) ........ 183 ! SPECIAL INDEX u PAGE figerias CMUsINe Hs... . . 2: 76 menonus. (Pyronia) «csasie. 261, 264 tithonus (Maniola) .. 59, 80, 122, 126, £53,462, 275 pipes CHeodes) ......... 35, 264 fityus (Hemaris) cips77 4. . - - 48, 159 togata (E. pini) mroauiella (Callisto) casinijay-ait- 183 irapealiseGimmedlia).« .. ce.ecek. Bie tragopogonis (Amphipyra) -E.. 129 transalpina (Zygaena)...... 101, 159 transversa (Eupsilia) .. 185, 242, 246 trepida (Notodonta) ........ 2. Lar ies (ings) 0) er 162 pens (Celamial . 02.5.5. .2 04. 164 trifasciella (Phyllonorycter) 78, 205 trifolii (Scotogramma) .... 192, 279 fEMOMieteySACNa) ...-.....-. 159, 182 trigemina (U. triplasia) trigeminata (Sterrha) ...... 153) 488 trimaculella (Nepticula) ........ 183 rripasia (Uinea) ...... 154, 189, 273 irjpuneratus (Cynaenes) ........ 246 thistita CMEPITEMGe) 2. ke 48 ENON RGA) oo lies eee 2k 191 trivia (Melitaea) .... 33, 258, 260, 263 PtP EO EIS), ess oc cs ee 189 tullia (Coenonympha) 102, 124, 2h Zits tumidana CAcrObasis) .......... 278 turpidella (Dechtiria) ....../... 114 typhae (Nonagria) .... 129, 154, 270 PypleaeenaeMia)y So. lc eee 197 Wbmelia (Buccalatrix) .......... 183 ourlejeek Ves iid 19) i i ae 189 mmbpresa, CHeliothis) ........2 02... 51 umbrosella (Mniophaga) ........ 18 unaneculata Ceuphyia) .......... 153 onecula Chustrotia) .......... 44, 188 unicornis (Thyrenteina) ........ 247 animals (Pahpita): + 6. 6. ee 288 mnipyneta Cheucania) .......... 79 urticae (Aglais) .. 37, 64, 65, 70, PRT, 124. 152, 157,185, 192; 262 urticae (Spilosoma) ........ 181, 188 ustinana (Endothenia) .......... 183 waecemun CConistra) 6.2.0... 65, 288 vanillae (Agriades) .... 220, 221, 245 varia (Lycophotia) .*.. 191, 196, 198 venata (Ochlodes) .. 36, 70, 108, 120, 162, 188, 189, 266 MOMOSaN COlNy NA) 620.6 yh nes Zio venosata (Eupithecia) ........ 14 47 weroase: (Cucullia) 22... 0060... 72 wersicolor (CProcus) ...22.:..- 72, 286 versicolora (Endromis) .. 65, 152, 212 vespertaria (Epione) .......... 212 wetiusia Cuylema)y . 2.6 ee 72, 129 waicatia (EFOGODSIS) .....6 5h. So00: 247 wicine (AvySaeMa) ) Lo. Vee enh oe 212 mierama CPHNOTES) oo. eee ks 37 SUIS EN REMOTELY 68 cou, 2! ola deco he a IS 272 viinalis (Bombyecia) o2 0.5.0 ..5. 129 PAGE vinula (Caria oM Use... £5; 152 wioletia .(Charaxes);iiverY ascii 76 saretata CAcasis). . 2... See 196, 273 virgaureae (Heodes) .... 97, 148, 264 wmirnidana CLrortrixrd::.4 ae. Boles 76 viridaria (Phytometra) ........ 196 wirldata: (Chiorissa) »..... . eee 153 miriplaca (Heliothis) cepa! - ae 212 vitalbata (Horisme) ....s- big 187 virellima, Cleucaniay’. . 6 5... eee 33 vulneraria (Sphacelalodes) .... 247 vulpinaria (Sterrha))stsc<: . 2a bees 212 wakefieldi (Huxanthe) .......... 76 w-album (Strymonidia) 104, 122, 148, 259, 264, 274 Watraria (itame) 0 cee) aie 72 xanthographa (Amathes) 65, 191, 198 mip heres (CONATAXES)) 24.05.45 hie. 233 VOM! CRCAD IA) al tig a ese Liens 238 zaneis. (Calisto)... 220: 221, 242. 245 ZEA CEES MOP EERS 6) 008 cas Neti 51 ziczae (Notodentay $..\ 0 os ao as 188 ZONaArIia “CNVSSIA) woe ule ass @ pace: Al zonariella. CKhlachista) 3.0.5.0 2.) 183 COLEOPTERA Cétonia® arata sys aoe 160 Phytonomus arundinis, elongatus 110 meles, plantaginis 100-3 DERMAPTERA Gressittolabis delicatula 281, 283 gurneyi sp.n. .. 281-3 Kinesis (Chelisoches) mounseyi, DUBE AESY Sehr ae 199-203 Nesogaster mounseyi .......... 200 DIPTERA Acanthiophilus helianthi ........ 168 iSO CC! 6 ie Map meee nae Ser ROW ets AA WE hi ik RES 140 Carpomyila vesuviana <2... 2... 168 CEICODODESG he. iis bake he eg eee 140 Dacus ciliatus, correctus, cucur- bitae, diversus, dorsalis, tau, POURS. ie, eee Ei eed 167 Dolichopeza albipes |. 2... 222665, 141 eplOlASteR! Oto ls se Sie a alan 140 Limnophila ‘pulehella 9.0 2302.63: 141 Myiopardalis pardalina ........ 168 Platychirus podagratus .=..:.... 250 Tipula pagana, vernalis ........ 141 igo 53 Fe {<a cent Pt ee 140-3 Trypetiaae, Indian. 25.0. v.26 165-9 Volucella inanis, pellucens, zon- ries Career Mee eek Rs re ee STREET sR 69 HEMIPTERA Amrasca bDiguttula biguttula, GOVaAST aS ts farses ee gan bo Cilorira, DLSwhhle ae = ee ns 5I Empoasca devastans ............ 51 Ssundaptery= bisuttiaia 2.230045 ai SPECIAL INDEX PAGE HYMENOPTERA Dorylinae. (review)! "S29: . 292 asistniger : 2587 a cee eaten. eee Do Leptothorax acervorum ........ 201 Myrmica scabrinodis y.)..* 2% 251 Olynx . skianeuros 7 42-2)... Bite 170 Scoliidae .:2s awe See: Ree 160 Sifolina | Jauraea eres 2. BS 251 Mey locopidaerss sears. . SPS: 160 ISOPTERA (Termites, review) 2.0.5. ..0020. 82-3 PAGE ODONATA Ischnura elegans \82).. 4) = 198 Odonata of Warwickshire Cappeal os. t Be eee 198 ORTHOPTERA Empusa pennata "oe oe 160 Mantis ‘religiosa .. 208s) Biree™ 160 Schistocerca gregaria (Desert Locust, review)? 3). PSs 174-5 ae way kage /OL. 84 No. 1 January 1972 QaaAAEREDEDERE DEQEAGAGASOEDE THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD AND JOURNAL OF VARIATION ee AY eA alate AY see S&S Edited by S. N. A. JACOBS, F.R.£.s. with the assistance of Ay, ’ iS Gc 5 tite aie an 4 o x A 1 A. A. ALLEN, B.S.C., A.R.C.S. C. A. COLLINGWOOD, B.SC., F.R.E.S. _ NEVILLE BIRKETT, M.A., M.B. H. C. HuGGINS, F.R.E.S. , oJ. M. CHALMERS-HUNT, F.R.E.S. S. WAKELY Major A. E. CULLIER, M.C., F.R.E.S. Commander G. W. HARPER, R.N. (Retd.), F.R.E.S. Lieut. Col. A. M. EMMET, M.B.E., T.D., F.R.E.S =|) US Z (> 2 axhy gs caer sa SG o (00 oe aa ive Ga Ww q 4 Tye re . Uy |! ~~ ag | ee OSIes: ' x pSJesPacjen? ds ANNUAL SUBSCRIPTION FOR THIS VOLUME No. 84 £3.00 Post free, for payment in sterling. £3.25 if payment is made in Foreign Currency Is now due and should be paid to Hon. Treasurer : Mrs M. A. REDGRAVE, 2 Connaught Way, Tunbridge Wells, Kent YOU AD IEE SLRS ELEREDEDE LISHED MONTHLY PRICE 30p ln eaaecusceaeeneiuant Flies of the British Isles by Charles N. Colyer and Cyril O. Hammond ISBN 0 7232 0004 1 £2.75 net This book, the only modern comprehensive survey in English of the British Diptera, includes full accounts of structure and the more interesting life histories and habits. More than 280 representative species are illustrated in 53 plates, many in colour, and in numerous text figures drawn from specimens collected by the authors. There is a section each on the Nematocera, the Brachycera, the Cyclorrhapha Aschiza, the Acalypterates, the Calypterates and the Pupipara. In addition a long introductory section provides a detailed analysis of the structure of the fly. The book contains a glossary, a bibliog- raphy, and is fully indexed. 384 pp; cased binding, colour jacket. | ‘The authors have aimed to provide a general survey of the flies of Great Britain .. . with a keen eye for selection and a nice awareness of what is likely to be looked for in a book of this scope, they have been remarkably successful.’—Times Literary Supplement. 40 Bedford Square War>me toni weir sue Eumenis semele (L) thyone Thompson (Lep. Satyridae). A Microgeographical Race By R. L. H. DENNIS In a previous paper (antea 82, 1970) it was mentioned that the aspect of size of E. semele thyone Th. would be dealt with once representative samples of colonies had been taken in a transect along the North Wales coast. This has now been done. To recapitulate on the situation, the following was re- quired : — (1) The average size of the subspecies thyone Th. In my previous paper, it was mentioned that J. A. Thompson had labelled it 47:7 mm. 3d, 51-1 mm. & 2; whilst E. B. Ford had given 41 mm. doc and 43 mm. 2 °,—an obvious dis- crepancy. (2) The nature of the cline beyond the Great Orme’s Head east to Prestatyn, and west to Anglesey, in an attempt to solve the status of what E. B. Ford termed ‘normal speci- mens.’ Sampling Procedure and Colonies The accuracy of the results is dependent on the sampling procedures utilized, and two facets are involved. (i) Total spatial coverage. The initial step was to demarcate the boundary area of each semele colony. These generally followed two patterns. Those colonies at Rhyd-y-Foel, Nant-y-Gamar, Moel Hiraddog, Aber Valley and Bwrdd Arthur, were extremely restricted in areal extension, being limited to precipitous escarpment faces and steep slopes. However, sheep tracks and exposed bedding along rock outcrops, afforded a means of covering each area along the line of the escarpments, and continual transects were taken, steadily covering the vertical face. The remaining colonies were far more extensive (800 X 200 yds), but were usually represented by a more horizontal sur- face. At Prestatyn, Aberffraw and Conway Morfa, the linear pattern of the dunes was followed, and the examples taken accordingly. The Great Orme was divided into 100 subdivisions for each grid square, on a map scale 1:2.500; transects were effected in late June 1970 covering the entire headland, and the detailed distribution of E. semele and P. argus mapped. It must be borne in mind that Figure 1 is a reduced scale version for this Journal, and as such, a loss in accuracy must be expected. Sampling transects were made along the whole west sector of the Great Orme covering each vertical rise at every arbitrarily noted return point. (ii) Temporal coverage. Sampling throughout the flight period was not carried out to the same extent, for the obvious reason of the limited avail- able time. The eleven stations have been sampled over the past three years. It became apparent during the work that the Told ‘HL SISN3NY3VD SNDYY Jd 4 2 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD 15/7 ‘SHNOLNOD | | "§39v3 44119 ay HL SNOAHL 3733S 3 || ]| rete i \ iis / i ” 7 P)>», : 4 vy ee AD Te Tihpapiiis TD ppc. ee size of the semele populations varied little from one year to the next in all the inlying stations. More than twenty sampling days were spent collecting on the Great Orme, and over ten days at colonies between Conway Mountain and Rhyd-y-Foel, with only two days spent at each of the outlying station, where samples were taken during the mid-emergence period of both sexes. The inlying stations were sampled throughout the flight period indicated in Figure 2. The writer could not be in North Wales prior to the 18th June each year, and so thyone was not sampled in its early flight ‘HL SISNSNYSVD SNOYVd GNV HL SNOAHL SISWAS'S 43O NOILNGIYLSIG SHL S31VM HLYON AWYO LV3SY9D DISPERSION FACETS OF E.SEMELE HUBNER FLIGHT PERIOD 1970 EUMENIS SEMELE (L) THYONE THOMPSON 3 dad {e)) To} oO To) a ios ~ Te) ed aaa ° < | <4 o | <0 << 4 © Pe ee ee ee em d | | Ag ] o <4 aq ip | | < 4 bg « fae gag 405505 «oO te * va) =) fo) © aaqqa fo) a << fe) J fe) ofaaar % ia o@ ia ad aq dq oa gq de q a o) S Sabae eo) BIO Obes ab MM a ME a uae eee Nu fe) = Sle fo Faq aXe a e a eo je) o) Se dd etdJ7c0e®e e0e8e 0 a e eq % eo Je a ee coee ee e0oe ® g > r ee ed ° > @ eee oO se @----- 0-0---<--0---00-0-e--------------- ex e o ee e Ly aS e r t N ° ee o ° ee e ® Oa hast: 9) | eo e080 0 e@ Tt s S e Zo ® 3 == uJ re ul Zz a om a5 © e = #1) QA t& > 4 e Ww Ww O 6 1 4 v —— a rn enn ener LS oO a) N e a ee e period. The date for its emergence is that provided by H. N. Michaelis for 1970. The final facet of the samples, the actual number of insects utilized, is of course very important. At first, it was assumed necessary to obtain 50 specimens of each sex from each locality, but it was found that stabilisation of the mean began after 15 insects and was attained with a standard error (S.E.) 0-2 to 0-4 mm. at 25-30 specimens. For instance, the Rhyd-y- WING EXPANSE, , Q NANT -Y-GAMAR,CREUDDYN PENINSULA; A THE WARREN, PRESTATYN @ GREAT ORME (THYONE TH), OQ CONWAY MORFA MM, ~~~ CREUDDYN PENINSULA WING EXPANSE, 207 LIMITS GREAT ORME WING EXPANSE, 20 UPPER LIMIT. FIG.2. 4 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD /1/sF2 Foel 3 ¢ of 13 insects in 1970, had a mean value of 51:3 mm. (S.E. 0:57 mm.); with 32 insects (1971), the mean was still 51-3 mm. Details of the sample figures are given below: — TABLE 1 Be 8 oe: a3) on oO ae: (e) a ie eee aie ne $4) 8) rs es 2 es 8 os OL Lc Localities Ss f & 8 O Eo 668 o So Siege eo ae ig eo © Rm H = BOBS eee (Bb 4 On Oe ee of 2 276 8.8 « 2 sae BS OO f24" 0 0 Be es. = ee oS 12. 24) %5"29° 76 31 47, 12 32) Sa eee Samples QQ 6 [25 "51 45 22>+,28° 58. 17 72ers eras) a oO oO oO ic) cD) ! ey gee 5 5 eae Lithology ie es 2 242) Saaee (ay) D ve} (cd) io) vo} © © © © ue) 2.8 S48 2 8°88 2 Ree Sod Oo Gan 4 ee) a ees The Cline and Delimitation of the Microgeographical Race. The means of all the populations sampled are given in Figures 3 and 4. It can be seen at once, that the figures for the Great Orme approximate very closely to those given by J. A. Thomson (1944) (48:01 mm 3 d,51-:7 mm & 2). It would appear instantly that E. B. Ford’s figures are anomalous, but the difference here is in the manner of measurement. It would ap- pear that G. Thomson and the writer take measurements from the centre of the thorax to the apex, doubling the figure; while E. B. Ford relies on a direct wing expanse measurement from apex to apex. I have certified this by taking measurements using both methods. It is important that the method of measurement is entered with articles). I have G. Thomson to thank for pointing out this dualism. It is preferable to follow the method used here and in G. Thomson’s work on M. jurtina; as the wing expanse procedure is dependent on the setting whims and ability of the individual. Isophenes (Figures ¥% and 4) have been placed at right angles to the clinal change. It is however, important to bear in mind certain points concerning the isophenes. They have been used here as a discriminate measure between populations, and it is readily noticed that they are correct on the basis of the sampling points entered alone. For instance, on introducing certain sampling points to the south of the Creuddyn Penin- mis) ae "SQNVS NALVLS34d MM 'SOGGVYIN ISOW f '1304-A-GAHY'! 'VINSNINSd NAGONSYD'H '3SWHO 1V¥3YD 9 !VAHOW AVMNOD “4 *NSM 111V 8 LW AVMNOD 3 'AS7IVA YSSV G :YNHiyVy GOyMa ‘D! MvNsayaayv ‘@ ‘Ava XNGaYVaNL “v - -| S3N3HdOS! O31V 1O0dy31NI Me, |sawaa Ga 1dWys }-—[aanuvn a> 82+ YAVYAW s31iIw EUMENIS SEMELE (L) THYONE THOMPSON Vv N SS1VM HILYON NI YANSNH JISWAS SINSWNS YOS SSNSHdOS! G3LV1Ody3INI BIWWa3aSs 15/1/72 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD VO — —|S3SN2HdOS! G3iv10dy31LNI S30IW Le S3w30 d3aldWvsS OL J } | -—[aanawn ‘QD 82-4 YAVAW a by ed _— ia — St Lar Z \ xf Pig ite tae 5 a \ LoS eA N GS if ay: 7 ~ \ | ets ve aS | [ / / | X . \ Si fer ; e1s@ <a ! vis \\ i-2 S< a \ \ \ ree | “ / SiS \ La NS \ ~~ =H .* 15° gees Zisio: ) N \ \ \ B's pr =o Sa @ a s Swans Ita bd ei Lvs \ wwes ly | \ ) | \ \ JEWS = az / 1 | WwWps \ ie // S C z< SS1VM HLYON NI YSNENH SISW3AS SINSWNS YOs SIN3HdOS! GSLVIOdYISILNI SAJIVW EUMENIS SEMELE (L) THYONE THOMPSON t sula, west of the Aber Valley, and in Anglesey or Flintshire, these lines may well have to be altered. In reality, of course, there is no gradual change between the Great Orme and Nant- y-Gamar (or any other demes), but a sudden break established by Llandudno; in fact it is more correct to assume that no colony exists between presently marked demes, until they have been recorded. However, the isophenes are valuable in one respect. As a distant measure, they give an appreciable visual impact of the differences between the semele populations. Two features are of importance :— A. The marked clustering of the isophenes at three points indicate a sudden break in the semele populations. B. A wide area of general uniformity representing either gradual change in the semele populations as to size, or a general stabilization about a certain figure oscillating in respect of environmental conditions. (Al) The Great Orme'thoyne Th. Population This break is extremely marked. The great Orme dod are differentiated from the Nant-y-Gamar ¢¢ (X?,,, 60:6, P<0-001) and the Conway Morfadd (X’*,, 118-9, P<0-001), the two adjacent populations on a highly significant basis. The differ- ence may appear to be not so great in the females (Great Orme v. Nant-y-Gamar °°? X*, 34:04, P<0-001) this being the result of the small numbers used in the Creuddyn sample, - but the Chi figure is still highly significant. The area of the subspecies is delimited to the west side of the Great Orme (Figure I), yet the population is not totally isolated from contiguous populations; certain gene flow perhaps increased by anemochore dispersal, implicated by prevailing westerlies, obtains between Conway Morfa semele, Llandudno West shore semele, and Great Orme thyone. It is obvious even in face of population contiguity, soon to be broken, that the lime- stone-sand dune interface representing the environmental break between thyone Th. and the Creuddyn Peninsula populations is a real one, and though perhaps not providing the reason for the racial differentiation is however a basis for it. In more specific terms, it is not an inherent quality of the limestone, nor possibly a major environmental facet of it that provides a selective pressure on the thyone popula- tion; yet whatever, there is an association of some selective facet with the headland. It was deemed important to assess the degree of differ- entiation between the Great Orme population and those con- tiguous members to it, and those along the whole transect. For this purpose, a corollary of the 75% distance rule was applied, Mayr’s coefficient of difference. This statistic relates the difference of the means to a summation of the standard 8 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD 15/1/72 deviations (in this case +):— xb—xa CD= cat+cb When the value approaches 1-28, it is a marker of the 75% rule. (According to this, a subspecies is recognised if 75% of the individuals of one population differ from all (97%) of a recognised subspecies, in this case nominotypical semele.) Mayr points out, however, that even values of CD 1:9 are demanded by some authorities for subspecific differentiation. Using the above relationship, the following was noted :— Great Orme v. Nant-y-Gamar. d¢ CD 1-03 Great Orme v. Nant-y-Gamar. °°? CD 0-82 Great Orme v. Prestatyn. dd CD1°8 Great Orme v. Prestatyn. °°? CD1-9 There is, however, a problem. If size alone is being com- pared, what wing expanse value represents the normal sub- species, if indeed such exists? It will be seen in a following section that in the south of Britain, the insects are more akin to the size of specimens at Prestatyn, and not as small as those at Moel Hiraddog. There is a strong environmental operative, since similar sized insects as those from the uniform area over most of North Wales (dd 51-52 mm, 2 ° 55-57 mm) are found in many localities in N.W. England. (Manchester Museum specimens.) However, deriving for a CD value of 1:28 for the thyone population, the nominotypical semele would have to be 52:6 mm (1-8c) 3d, and 57:84 mm (2-4c) 2 9; at this level, the subspecific category is determined by the 75% marker. (A2) The Sand Dune Populations It is apparent that the end member populations of the cline are associated with a sand dune environment. Their large size may well be attributed to ecophenotypic variation. Whatever, they differ significantly from adjacent popula- tions :— Moel Hiraddog v. Prestatyn. dd X?®, 20-12, P<0-001 Bwrdd Arthur v. Aberffraw. dd X?, 27-23, P<0-001 Moel Hiraddog v. Prestatyn. °°? X?®, 29-06, P<0-001 This difference is most likely associated with selection operating towards one end of a continuously variable sequence determined by polygenic factors, for which size is a pleio- tropic secondary effect. It is interesting to compare the Conway Morfa figures, which should bearing in mind the environmental relationship approximate the measurement characteristics of Prestatyn and Aberffraw semele; that this does not occur, reflects on the clinal situation in the vicinity of the Great Orme, and is an essential feature in determining the subspecific attributes of thyone Th. EUMENIS SEMELE (L) THYONE THOMPSON 9 (B) The Umformly Belt of semele along the N. Wales Coast. Beyond the Great Orme geotype, and inside the sand dune extremes, uniform semele measurements are a remarkable feature (3d 51-1-52-3; 22° 55-1-57-3 mm). The greater range noticed in the females is related to their correspondingly higher standard deviations. The interesting point is that these measurements are associated with five lithological environ- ments. If it assumed that the sand dune semele demes are related to envirenmental pressures producing higher figures, and that outside Conway Morfa the semele populations are not affected either by gene flow from the Great Orme, nor under selective pressures approaching those of the Great Orme, then, the uniform type along the N. Wales coast is indifferent to the Great Orme population, and its size characteristics are endemic to the region. It would have an overall mean of ¢d3 51-6mm and °° 56-2mm. As then they would represent the environ- mental equivalent of the nomino-typical semele (especially as the majority are on limestone), the Mayr CD. 1-28 marker is too high to endow true subspecific status on E. semele thyone Th. However, it and P. argus caernensis Th. are microgeo- graphical races . In view of the above, and in attempt to provide some com- parison, the writer was fortunate enough to have access to Manchester Museum semele. Measurements were obtained of semele from Winterton (Lincs/Norfolk?), south east localities (Eastbourne, Folkestone), and from the Isle of Man. As only a small number of specimens were available, these measure- ments can only indicate broad trends. The Winterton (20) and south east semele (24) were remarkably homogeneous. (dd 04°8 mm/54:°6; 22 59:8 mm). It was surprising to find such small female figures with the large male measurements, but this could very well be attributed to the small samples available. It is perhaps a certain feature of the south east that semele is large, and this is a definite trend on the Con- tinent. The writer has been sent specimens from La Mare, Vendée, and from Champigny, Maine et Loire, that are indi- cators of this trend; (3 3 15, 57-6 mm; 2 2 11, 64-1 mm) those from the east Pyrnees are even more extreme, or so it would appear. 33 6, 60-1 mm; °° 6, 67:2 mm). It would be very interesting to assess the factors behind these changes, yet, it is not wise to ascribe them to maior environmental changes such as alterations in heat. load or insolation without experi- mental evidence. Finally, it was interesting to find that a short series of dd semele from the Isle of Man measured 51-6 mm, exactly the N. Wales average given above. These specimens, and others from inland Lancashire corroborated the North Wales uniform type to be unaffected by thyone Th. or similar genetic endowments for dwarfed insects. Spot Size Differences in North Wales E. semele As this paper is concerned with meristic variation in E. 10 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD lo/i/i2 semele, the difference in spot size between thyone and other populations can be dealt with here. J. A. Thompson pointed out in his original description : — 33 “The forewing spots are smaller than in other races, with the lower of the two frequently absent, and totally obsolescent specimens are not very rare’... . ‘The tendency to obsoles- cence is even more striking on the undersurface than on the upperside.” 22 “obsolescence is less marked, although the spots are smaller than in normal specimens.” Initially, it must be pointed out that obsolescent specimens have not been seen in the past three years. In fact, of the 73 3d specimens taken at random, only one displays the absence of a single forewing underside spot. Yet, 1 d and 11 2°92 have an extra spot. It seems extremely likely, that at the time J. A. Thompson was collecting, the Great Orme population was ex- tremely abundant, — he describes the butterfly as being in ‘Immense profusion’—and variable. This variability apparently extended the trend of obsolescence in the forewing spotting. Such periods of variability have been dealt with in detail by Professor E. B. Ford (1964). It was important to ascertain whether or not J. A. Thomp- son was correct in his judgement of the reduction of the fore- wing spots, and to assess the nature of any changes in the population since 1944. It may be stated now, that the only apparent change is that the insect is less abundant—it is common but not in profusion—and less variable. The two forewing underside and two forewing upperside spots have been measured interneurally for each specimen, | and the means of certain populations have been given below :— TABLE 2 SS 73 84 82 89 mm QQ 97 11-2 11-4 12:1 mm ef 3.6 a = ez Composite FW. UP. and UN. fz] 0 > Pp spots measured interneurally, a P S 5 via proximal—distal attitude BiiEbn darchann a gp fied Gane FX alr As the results for each population approximate a gaussian relationship, a t. test was applied, and established the follow- ing differences :— Great Orme v. Nant-y-Gamar. dd t (117)=4-6, P<0-001 Great Orme v. Conway Morfa. do t (101)=3-4, P<0-001 Great Orme v. Nant-y-Gamar, 2? 2 t (84)=4:-3, P<0:001 Great Orme v. Conway Morfa. ° 2 t (78)=5-:07, P<0:001 Jed byaV IE 1 From the original watercolour drawing by A. D. A. Russwurm. Aberrations of Callimorpha jacobaeae L. 1. ab. transparens Watson <6 3. ab. inversa Watson 2. ab. albescens Cockayne ¢ 4. sinis. ab. coneyi Watson dex. typical ¢ FURTHER ABERRATIONS OF CALLIMORPHA JACOBAEAE 11 These statistical facts convey an irrevocable message, that J. A. Thompson’s judgment was correct. The differences expressed statistically above are given in detail for the males in Figure 2. The gradation of the forewing spot measure- ments no doubt follows closely that of the wing expanse measurements, and the dispersion diagram (Figure 2) reveals this relationship. (To be continued) Further Aberrations of Callimorpha jacobaeae Linn. (Lep. Arctiidae) By R. W. WATSON, F.B.A.A., F.F.A.A., F.C.1.S., F.COMM.A., F.R.E.S. Callimorpha jacobaeae ab. transparens ab. nov. Fore- and hindwings of normal pattern but so thinly scaled that the colour is only just visible. Thorax and abdomen dull black. Type co bred Wootton, New Forest, June 1945, R. W. Watson. Watson Collection. Callimorpha jacobaeae ab. albescens Cockayne Originally described Ent. Record, 63: 263, 1951: “The forewing is pale silvery grey with slightly darker fringe and normal red markings. The hindwing is red with a silvery grey border and fringe. The thorax is dark grey and the abdomen is pale grey. Type male Loc. incog. bred Meek 1875 (S. Webb, Horne Coll.) R. Adkin coll. Allotype female Woodchester Glos. 18.5.1920, L. Lacey. This is a beautiful albino.—E.A.C.” The specimen depicted herewith is a male labelled “Witley Sy. June 1911, Eastwood.” It was purchased for 5/- at the auction sale of 10.11.1967, and reset by R. R. Watson. Watson Collection. Callimorpha jacobaeae ab. inversa ab. nov. Forewings dull pink except for small blackish grey tips and a dull grey patch extending from the outer margin half way to the basal area on the lower half of the wing only. Fringes dull blackish grey. Thinly scaled. Hindwings dingy white with blackish grey fringes. Also thinly scaled. Thorax and abdomen dull pink suffused with blackish grey. Type, 3 bred ex eoneyi stock June 1969. R. W. and R. B. Watson. Watson Collection. Callimorpha jacobaeae, Somatic mosaic. Sinis. ab. coneyi Watson, dex. typical. 3 bred June 1968 by A. W. Coney ex coneyi stock. Watson Collection. fy ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD 15/1/72 Callimorpha jacobaeae ab. basirubra ab. nov. Forewings typical except for red scaling in the basal area between the costal and lower red streaks. Hindwings typical. Thorax and abdomen black with red suffusion. Type, ¢ bred June 1969, Origin wild male from Bordon, Hants. Xconeyi female. R. W. and R. B. Watson. Watson Collection. Paratypes 73¢ and 152° from same brood. Watson collection. This is the most beautiful of the aberrations so far de- scribed. The amount of red varies from a rela- tively small area increasing in some extreme examples until the inner two thirds of the wing are affected. In all cases the outer third of the wing is typical. This aberration only occurred in the aforementioned brood in 1969. Females from this brood were paired with typical males ex coneyi stock and this aberration occurred again in 1970. In 1971 further basirubra emerged from pairing between a wild male from Portland, Dorset, and a coneyi female. Acknowledgements A. D. A. Russwurm: His excellent work continues. Mrs R. B. Watson, F.R.E.S. Without her assistance, breed- ing on the required scale would have been impossible. A. W. Coney for donating the somatic mosaic. Porcorum, Sandy Down, Boldre, Lyminton, Hants. November 1971. The Burren, May 1971 By E. A. SADLER After many years impatiently awaiting a chance to visit that unigue area known as The Burren of Co. Clare, I was delighted to find such an opportunity in May this year, when’ modernisation of my work at last allowed me to get there, and though my friends Peter Rogers and Pat Meredith, here- after referred to as R. and M. respectively, who accompanied me on this venture would rather have made the visit in June, I was forced to confine it to the last week in May, which we hoped, considering the earlier than usual spring, would give us a fair chance of seeing the lepidoptera we were going for. R. and I drove to Bristol airport on the 20th for our first taste of civilian air travel, both having only previously been up by courtesy of the Royal Air Force. The baggage arrange- ments as far as we understood were the first 40 lbs. free, and an excess charge of so much per pound. Having weighed my luggage (which included a Honda generator) before setting out, I knew it went about one hundredweight, and was far from happy at the thought of what it would cost. R., whose baggage was heavier than mine, also approached the weigh- in with some trepidation. But we need not have worried, as Plane: el From the original watercolour drawing by A. D. A. Russwurm. Aberrations of Callimorpha jacobaeae L. land 2. ab. basirubra Watson 33 3 and 4. ab. basirubra Watson 2° ji ta THE BURREN, MAY 1971 13 all our 2 cwt. plus was accepted without question, and con- veyed free of charge. An unexpected difficulty did arise, how- ever, when our flight, scheduled for 12.50 was delayed uniil 14.15, when we at last took of for Cardiff in a Boeing 727, where we touched down briefly before resuming our journey to the Emerald Isle, or,more precisely, Dublin airport, arriving there at 15.00 hours. Due to the delay, we were now running a bit behind our schedule, so to save time, R. went to collect the car, which incidentally, is made available by the Irish Tourist Board free to any two people spending a week there in the off season, while I was left to shepherd our mound of baggage past the customs. The junior officer, taking one look, called reinforce- ments in the shape of a senior colleague who rather dis- armingly started my interrogation with: “You seem to have rather a lot of luggage, sir?” but after my brief explanation, I was allowed through, classified as a harmless idiot if I read the smiles on both their faces correctly. We were pleased to find that the car awaiting us was not a Mini as we had been led to believe, but a new Hillman Avenger, which meant there was more space than anticipated for our gear, and we crossed Ireland in comfort. I was in- terested to see how deserted were the main roads once we got out of Dublin. This coupled with the fact that until we neared our destination, they were very wide, meant that we suffered no hold-ups and made good time, arriving in the Burren area just before 7 p.m. Ballyvaughan was our first port of call, and we drove to a small cottage along the coast road where BR. on a previous visit had obtained permission to plug in a m.v. trap; we were kindly granted the same facility so we speedily ran out the cable and erected a portable trap R. had brought with him, on the corner of what passes for a field in this region, for, apart from the walls around the pavement-like ground with sparse grasses growing in the crevaces, they bear little resem- blance to the lush pastures of home. I wondered what our herd of 200 dairy cows would make of such spartan surround- ings; I am certain that those that did not immediately break legs would only have died of starvation, yet cows and donkeys, in admittedly small numbers, were looking amazingly healthy in such fields. With the trap in position and an assurance from our oblig- ing host that he would switch on each evening at dusk, we resumed our journey to Lisdoonvarna, where our hotel accom- modation had been arranged, crossing the Burren completely to do so, which gave me a good idea of the terrain we were to work during the coming days. Apart from the numerous stone walls, the hawthorn bushes everywhere with their masses of white blossom were the most eye-catching feature at this season of the year. I noted that though higher parts of the ab. rustica form of Cycnia mendica Clerk, which we shared. 14 ENTCMOLOGIST’S RECORD 15/1/72 looked grey and bleak, there was a good deal more vegetation and trees on lower areas than I had expected from descriptions which I had read or heard, and in places some fields were virtually rock-free and grass covered. We were well received at our hotel in Lisdoonvarna, and after a meal, we loaded our collecting gear aboard the car, and drove the few miles to Fisher Street, and nearby Doolin Strand, where along the rocky coast bordering Galway Bay, we in- tended running our four m.v. light from our two generators, our main quarry being Hadena caesia Borkh. After looking out suitable sites for the night’s operations, I found there was at last time, with the sun still not down, to appreciate the natural beauty of this area, with the huge cliffs of Moher in the distance, a small rocky island, known as Crab Island, just off-shore covered in gulls assembling for roost, whilst around us were beds of the commoner flowers, bladder campion bird’s foot trefoil and sea thrift, overflowing from cracks and wider faults in the rock pavement. Amongst these flowers, the undescribable bright red of bloody cranesbill caught the eye, though a good many of these were still unopened buds. At 10 p.m. we arranged our lights along the rocky coast- line, but found it was not until nearly an hour later that it became properly dark in this most westerly part of the British Isles. Soon after lighting we were pleased to get numerous deep grey coloured Eupithecia venosata Fab. rapidly followed by an increasing number of Hadena capsophila Dup., some showing by their worn state that this species (or sub-species) had not just commenced emergence even at this early date. Plenty were, however, in immaculate condition, and we soon had a series each. One caesia of the nice blue-grey Burren form arrived early, but we had to wait until midnight before three more arrived, to be followed an hour later by two more just as we were about to pack up. Because of this, we stayed half an hour longer, by which time, with no new moths arriving we agreed to call it a night. We were back at our hotel by 2 am., well pleased with our first night’s work, which also produced an Apatele euphorbiae sub-sp myricae Guen. for each of us. After breakfast the following morning we drove to Bally- vaughan to inspect the trap, finding the intake quite respect- able, consisting of a varied assortment of common species, among which we were pleased to find several Calostygia salicata sub-sp. latenaria Curtis, and I was particularly gratified to see a number of Selenia lunaria Schiff., a species which, apart from a single Scottish example, has until now managed to elude me. Females of both these were kept for ova and duly obliged over the next few days. From these eggs we both reared a series of the former later at their second brood, while I am over-wintering pupae of the latter. The only other species of real interest to us from the trap were four nice white males As the morning was sunny we visited the nearby Newton Castle for Leptidea sinapis L., which fluttered before the car THE BURREN, MAY 1971 lo along the approach lane in numbers, and was even more abundant on the hillside by the castle, the bramble-covered slopes making a sharply contrasting habitat to the woodland rides of its English localities, the vetches between the brambles proving that this was a breeding ground. We each netted a series of this attractive Irish variety, finding that females were rather harder to come by than males. Our picnic lunch was consumed here before driving along the coast to Fanore Strand, which is a fairly small and isolated area of steep sand- hills situated between Graggagh and Marroogh, where the river Caher meets the sea. Even in this sandy place, the inevi- table low flat areas of rock-pavement were present between the dunes. We spent several hours there looking for Zygaena purpuralis sabulosa Tremewan, but eventually had to give up, returning to our hotel with only two full-fed larvae of Setina irrorella L. to show for our trouble, which we had found on lichen covered rocks. Heavy rain began falling after dinner, and a strong wind as well made it obvious that Doolin Strand would be unworkable that night, so we drove to Ballyvaughan at dusk, hoping to find some shelter from the wind along that coast, but though we dangled one m.v. over the cliff in a fairly sheltered niche, the response was so poor that we gave up, and were eventually reduced to taking turns netting moths in the car headlights as the other drove slowly along the road. This curious method of collecting produced several C. salicata, and during one of my spells outside, I even managed to net a Cerura vinula L., but with net and clothes becoming saturated, we decided to call it a night. On our return trip, we met up with the third member of our party, M., who had flown over with his family earlier that day. We found he had plugged in a trap a mile down the road past ours, and was just packing up his portable light, having reached the same conclusion as we had. The following morning, which was brighter but with a keen wind, saw us all at Ballyvaughan examining the traps, which had again taken moths in good numbers despite the foul night, though they contained a similar selection to that of the pre- vious night. After sorting our captures, we tried walking up the nearby stony fields, where I concentrated on flushing salicata from the rocks, on which I understand, they are sup- posed to rest, but on this and every other occasion neither of us saw any in daylight and I noted later, when rearing this species, that the newly emerged specimens remained closely plastered to the wall of their cage, even when a pill-box was pushing them along as I tried to coax them inside, so it may well be that they sit tight in the wild, and rely on their camou- flage to protect them. Our walking up did produce several species of interest, however; Erynnis tages sub-sp. baynesi being fairly common here and elsewhere on the Burren, as we subsequently found. We each netted a few Chiasmia clathrata sub-sp. hugginsi, though nowhere did we find this species com- monly. 16 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD 15/772 M., who was staying at Ballyvaughan, finding we were carrying our lunches with us, now returned to his hotel to collect his, while we drove along the coast to Black Head, where the thrift plants growing on the rocks near the shore were inspected for signs of larvae of Eana colquhounana Barr., but only managed to locate two each by looking for dead patches on the plants, which we had been advised were feeding signs. On a subsequent visit I realised that a fine silk tube amongst the leaves, which was really an extension of the resting and pupating tube of thicker silk which goes down into the matted roots of the foodplant, was a more obvious guide to a larva being present. On this occasion apart from the difficulty of stopping these very active larvae from running down their tubes and into the crevices out of which the thrift grew, whence nothing short of dynamite would remove them, we obtained all that we required. Later, however, for some unexplained reason we only managed to get a few pupae each from them, the majority disappearing without trace from our plastic boxes though M. did report finding a few parasitic fly cocoons among his, which, no doubt, accounted for some. Those which did pupate emerged eventually without further trouble. When M., rejoined us, we drove to the Gleninagh moun- tain, and after lunching by the side of the river Caher, which flows between this and the higher mountain, Slieve Elva, we crossed the smail meadows, which are the lower slopes of the former mountain, noting that the short-cropped turf was studded thickly with the brilliant blue flowers of the Spring Gentian, which grew here in greater abundance than anywhere else in the Burren we had seen. As we progressed higher several Cupido minimus Fuesl. were netted as they flitted about behind the shelter of the stone walls, which offered some protection from the keen wind. Eventually the walled fields gave way to the usual rock-strewn slopes, where the gentians were still fairly common, but now were swamped by the creamy white, gold-centred flowers of mountain avens, which covered the rocks, and turf between, in great clumps. This attractive flower also grew at lower levels elsewhere. The red of bloody crane’s bill and unidentified orchids and large patches of yellow trefoil made a beautiful natural rock garden of this mountain-side. In our search for less obvious plants we noted several of the lone green flower-spikes of that very rare plant, the dense-flowered orchid, in this, its only British locality; we were to meet other examples of this plant in other parts of the Burren later. Small moths were being flushed from the herbage as we progressed upwards, but were carried away so fast in the wind that we found it nearly impossible to sample them. We did, however, manage to secure three specimens of the large and attractive Childonia pierci Obraztsov, finding subsequently that this species was to turn up at the Ballyvaughan traps commonly. After walk- ing by it on the way up, we eventually located the prostrate juniper on the high slopes as we climbed back down, finding THE BURREN, MAY 1971 17 that it hugged the rocks so closely that it was only with some difficulty that we were able to lift it up enough to slide the sheet we had taken up for the purpose, beneath the bushes. This done, we beat a large number of Thera cognata Thunb. larvae, from which we eventually reared a series each of this large and rather purplish race. Mountain cudweed plants were closely inspected, but there was no sign of Platyptilia tesseradactyla Treits. nec L., of which we had hoped to find imagines at rest on the flowers. Though we searched here again and elsewhere where cudweed was located, over the following days, we failed to see this species, or, for the matter of that, another of the Burren plume specialities, P. icterodactylus Mann, though cold winds and rain may have been the reason for our failure. Bog rush seed-heads near the river were also searched for Glyhpipteryx schoenicolella Stt., but with a strong wind blowing, it was not surprising that none of these small moths was found. We returned to our respec- tive hotels for dinner, and met up with M. again just before dusk at Doolin, where we lined our six m.v. lights up along that flower-bedecked coast on a rather windy night in which we were to see only two caesia, a few venosata and capsophila and little else. With nothing having responded to our lights since midnight, we packed up at 1 a.m. We mez as usual at the Ballyvaughan traps, to which M. had added a third trap overnight, finding all the usual species for this area in them plus a few capsophila, which was a rather uncommon visitor here. Caesia failed to turn up at the traps throughout our stay, even though these lights were within sight of and fairly close to the coast. A bonus for R. and myself, which we found sitting on a bracken frond near his trap was a female Lithophane socia Hufn., which was unbeliev- ably plump, considering it was so worn as to be devoid of markings. Nevertheless, she laid a good quantity of ova during the following weeks, and we both raised a series of a species we had found very slow to come by nearer home, though M. had just managed to complete his series elsewhere the pre- vious autumn. We again walked up the adjacent fields to see what we could flush in the morning sun, but we had not gone far when I spotted a fine fat Z. pupuralis larva sitting on a rock. A closer search at this spot produced nothing more, so we agreed to go on to Fanore Strand, where, we hoped, with a living example before us, to find more. However, a long and deter- mined search there proved fruitless, and it was more from desperation than hope of success that I started plucking moss where the thyme grew through, reasoning as I did so that if larvae were not available, cocoons must be. I was pleasantly surprised immediately to find two of these rather small oval brownish cocoons, spun up among the moss just below the surface. We returned to the attack with renewed vigour after this lucky break, but after an hour of kneeling on the spongy turf, which was becoming rapidly wetter as the odd 18 ENTOMOLOGIST S RECORD 15/572 showers which had been falling, changed to continuous rain, and with only four more cocoons to show for our labour, we were obliged to give up for the time being. We then turned our attention to a small heap of sand nearby, which was covered by a curious clinker type loose rock, which was easily turned over without kneeling in the wet; beneath these we found a number of irrorella pupae spun up in a loose web of silk, together with a few larvae, and one newly emerged moth, this being of a much deeper shade of orange than the insipid specimens collected from the Isle of Wight a few years ago, as indeed were all the specimens we eventually bred from Fanore, R. also spotted several Mniophaga mundella Dougl. grouped together under one rock and a careful scrutiny beneath other rocks produced more specimens together with a few M. umbrosella Zell. With the rain now very persistent we adjourned to our hotels to catch up on our setting late in the afternoon, and again after dinner. The following morning was no beiter, and we decided, after a quick look through the trap’s poor intake, that this was an opportune moment to make our only collecting trip away from the Burren, to Killarney where we wanted to try for pupae of Aegeria scoliaeformis Borkh. We had been informed that they infest some of the birch trees there. We were soon on our way and during a brief wait for the ferry to cross the river Shannon M. beat an Orneodes hexadactyla L. from bushes growing along the north bank. It was early afternoon by the time we had located the birches near Killarney, but though we found plenty of old scoliaeformis workings, no new mines could be detected though we searched for several hours. By now the day had brightened up, and we saw Celastrina argiolus L. flying about some roadside hollies in fair numbers, M. tried to catch some of these, but ended up netting Rheumaptera hastata L. A small shamrock plant was found growing on the trunk of one large birch, causing us to look at the ground, where we found we had been walking among these plants for some yards without realising it. Some of the small and rather delicate pale blue flowers were on them, and I mused on how many thousands of people there must be who know exactly what a shamrock leaf looks like, but I wondered just how many of them could describe the flower, or say what colour it is? Another plant we saw in a nearby spot was the bog violet, whose single blue flowers, an inch or more across, were really eye-catching against a drab background of dead grasses and peat. With the afternoon nearly gone we suddenly realised we would have to depart if we were to catch the next ferry to get us back in time for dinner, and after a mad dash, we just made it, though we left a few worried looking jaunting cart drivers behind us in Killarney, I am afraid. (To be continued) PSEUDAGRION RUBRICEPS SELYS 19 Pseudagrion rubriceps Selys in tandem with Pseudagrion microcephalum (Rambur) (Odonata, Coenagriidae) By TRipipn RANJAN Mitra and A. R. LAHIRI. Entomology Laboratory, Deptt. of Zoology, Calcutta University In nature examples of abnormal tandem flight of certain Anisopteran and Zygoptearan Odonates have been recorded by several workers (Corbet, 1962; Bick & Hornuf, 1965 and Bick, 1971). But so far no report has been available as to such examples in Pseudagrion damselflies. This note reports two such cases when the males of Pseudagrion rubriceps Selys were caught in tandem with fe- males of Pseudagrion microcephalum (Rambur) in the morn- ing of a rainy day in the month of September, 1966 in Calcutta. In this connection it may be reported that no attempt to copulate was noticed in either case, though prior to their capture they were in tandem for a reasonable time. In this connection it may also be mentioned that females of Pseudagrion rubriceps are not represented in our collection although both the sexes of the other species mentioned above are there. Fraser (1933) perhaps correctly pointed out the rarity of the females of P. rubriceps in the Indian sub region. Thus from the above facts it appears that Moore’s hypo- thesis (Moore, 1957 and 1960, in Corbet, 1962) on such ab- normal behaviour, as also noted in these cases, in Odonates perhaps holds good. The authors are thankful to the Head of Department of Zoology, Calcutta University for facilities, to Dr D. N. Ray Chaudhuri of the same department for guidance and to Dr D. E. Kimmins of the British Museum (Nat-Hist), London, for conformation of our indentifications. References Bick, G. H. & Hornuf, L. E. (1965). Behaviour of the damselfly, Lestes unguiculatus Hagen (Odonata: Lestidae) Proc. Indiana Acad. Sci. 75: 110-115. Bick, G. H. (1971). Personal communication. Corbet, P. S. (1962). A Biology of Dragonflies. pp. XVI+247; 115 figs and 6 pls. H. F. and G. Witherby Ltd., London. Fraser, F. C. (1933) Fauna of British India. Vol. 1 Taylor and Francis, Ltd., London. YPSOLOPHUS HORRIDELLUS TREITSCHKE IN KentT.—Reading Mr S. N. A. Jacobs’s note in the September issue of The Record has prompted me to give another Kentish locality for this moth. The larva (unknown to me at the time) was taken on black- thorn in Chestfield, near Whitstable, in May 1971, and the moth emerged on the 10th July of that year.—E. S. BRADForRD, 38 Oakwood Ave., Boreham Wood, Herts. 26.xi.1971. 20 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD 15/i/f2 The North American Tortricid Moth, Endothenia hebesana (Walker, 1863), a member of the Fennoscandian fauna By M. OPHEIM Last summer (1970) in a collection of Microlepidoptera belonging to Leif Aarvik, a high school boy, I noted a dark Endothenia species, captured near the city of Gjovik (Os), Norway, on 3rd June 1970. By dissection it was found that the specimen, a female, has a broad and sclerotized ostium (fig. 4) distinct from any of the palaearctic Endothenia species known to me from the accessible literature. However, in a monograph by Heinrich (1926) on the North American Laspeyresiinae and Olethreutinae, I noted that Endothenia hebesana (Walker, 1863) had a similar ostium to that found in the Norwegian female (Heinrich, fig. 188). As it was necessary to obtain more material, especially of 364,I1asked Aarvik to try to collect more specimens this sum- mer (1971). Subsequently, he made a search for the species around Gjovik up to 5 km from the city, and had the very good fortune to capture 3 dd and 5 2 2 between 16th June and 6th July in forest clearings. E. hebesana is according to Heinrich (1926) a very common species in U.S.A., occurring from the Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean. It is also found in the southern part of Canada. The larva of the species lives on several different plants, of these Solidago, Stachys and Vesbascum are commonly found around Gjovik. Recently, I noticed that Falkovitsh (1970) considers Endo- _thenia adustana Krogerus, 1947, from the northern shore of Lake Ladoga in Carelia, as a junior synonym of E. hebesana. Falkovish also mentions that the species has been found in Southern Siberia. As I had considered the Norwegian speci- mens quite distinct from E. adustana due to the dark and monotonous forewings of the latter as illustrated in fig. 2 (Krogerus 1947), and there also seems to be some differences in their male genitalia, I asked my good friends at the Zoological Museum, Helsingfors, Dr W. Hackman and Dr J. O. Kaisila, to send me two specimens of E. adustana for inspection. I re- ceived two females, one of which was dissected. The genitalia were in full agreement with those of the Norwegian specimens (figs. 4, 5). However, I think that the Norwegian population should be recognized as a new subspecies, E. hebesana toteniana nov. ssp. (named after a district on the west side of Lake Mjosa). Description: The forewings have grey ground colour, black transverse markings, and many tiny orange-brown spots. These spots seem to be more numerous in the Norwegian subspecies, particularly in the female. On the costa they are also present in the discal and basal areas, but absent in the Carelian speci- NORTH AMERICAN TORTRICID MOTH, ENDOTHENIA HEBESANA 21] Figs. 1-5. Endothenia hebesana toteniana nov. ssp. 1-3, male genitalia; 1, uncus, tegumen, socii; 2, same, lateral view; 3, valva. 4-5, female genitalia; 5, signum. mens. In the male genitalia the uncus has a shorter neck, 8 to 10 thorns on the outer edge, and several weaker ones on the dorsal side (figs. 1, 2). Aedeagus short and broad, without cornuti. Expanse: 15-18 mm. Holotype: Gjévik, Opland, Norway, 3 20th June 1971, Gen. prep. 4843 (L. Aarvik leg., coll. Zool. Museum, Oslo). Para- types: Same locality 2 dd 24th June, 6th July 1971, 2° 3rd July 1970, 3 22 16th June, 2 22 22nd June 1971 (leg. & coll. L. Aarvik). Endothenia hebesana which occurs commonly in North America as mentioned above, seems to be extremely local in the palaearctic region, but I am inclined to believe that by persistent search the species can be discovered in several more localities. _ We can probably leave out of consideration an accidental introduction of the species from North America, as the recorded localities are situated far from large communica- tion centres. The species has not been included in the new catalogue of Fennoscandian Microlepidoptera (1971), because the above mentioned part of Carelia was ceded to U.S.S.R. in 1944. Acknowledgements My sincerest thanks are due to Leif Aarvik for the loan of specimens of Endothenia hebesana, and to the curators, Dr. W. Hackman and Dr. J. O. Kaisila, Zoological Museum, Helsingfors, for the loan of 2 °° of Endothenia adustana. 22 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD 15/1/72 References Falkovitsh, M. I. (1970). New and little known species of the genus Endothenia Stph. (Lepidoptera, Tortricidae) in the fauna of the U.S.S.R. Vestnik Zoologii, 4 (3): 68-76. Heinrich, C. (1926). Revision of the North American moths of the subfamilies Laspeyresiinae and Olethreutinae. Smithsonian Inst. Bull., 132: 1-216. Krogerus, H. (1947). Zwei neue Kleinschmetterlinge aus Fennoskandien. Not. Ent., 27: 4-8. Krogerus, H., Opheim, M., v. Schantz, M., Svensson, I, Wolff, N. L. (1971). Catalogus Lepidopterorum Fenniae et Scandinaviae. Helsingfors Entomologiska Bytesforening, Ed. | Zoological Museum, Sarsgt. 1, Oslo 5, Norway. x.1971. Magdalis memnonia Gyll. (Col., Curculionidae), a Weevil New to Britain | By A. A. ALLEN, B.Sc., A.R.C.S. Whilst on a visit here recently, Mr P. J. Hodge, of Ringmer, Sussex, showed me a very large black Magdalis that he had taken off grass in Friston Forest, near Eastbourne, on 12th June of this year, and which he and his friend Mr R. D. Dumbrell of Polegate, Eastbourne, had made out from Reitter (1916, Faun. Germ., 5: 125-6) to be M. memnonia Gyll.—a species previously not known to inhabit Britain. I have since fully satisfied myself of the correctness of this determination. In the Continental keys the beetle at once ‘runs down’ to memnonia among the rather numerous species of the genus, of which at 5-9 mm. in length (without rostrum) it is, at least in mid-Europe, easily the largest. Among our fewer species, its size, together with other characters, should make it recognis- able almost at a glance—only large specimens of carbonaria L. normally exceeding 5 mm. Mr Hodge’s example of M. memnonia is a female of 7 mm. The salient features of the species are as follows: — Entirely deep black above, surface between the punctures shiny. Scape of antennae auite unlike that of M. carbonaria, being much longer and thinner and strongly curved in the region of the apical thickening (straight in carbonaria). Pronotum long, subconical, smooth, thickly punctate, sides without trace of lateral tubercles or of constric- tion towards base; posterior angles projecting backward but not side- ways. Elytra a little widened behind, the base of each raised into a curved compressed keel much stronger than in carbonaria; their sculp- ture characteristic, the striae being catenate (chain-like) with deeply impressed linear-oblong punctures well separated by transverse bar- like shining intervals; interstriae with punctures irregularly uniseriate, and so densely crowded as to leave only narrow raised rim-like shining interspaces. Mid-femoral tooth larger than the others (at least in this specimen). NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS 23 M. memnonia belongs to the subgenus Magdalis s.str., the members of which are practically restricted to Coniferae; but which (though comprising the bulk of the genus) included only two’ certainly known as British up to now, namely phlegmatica Hbst. and duplicata Germ. These however are both dull dark blue or greenish-blue species peculiar to the Scottish High- lands. Quite apart from its superior size, the elytral sculpture —which presents a strongly rugulose aspect—renders the species under notice unmistakable. Reitter (l.c.) records M. memnonia as general on diseased pines throughout Germany, and Horion (1951) gives its dis- tribution as all central and southern Europe up to Denmark— where it is reported by Hansen (1965) as rare. The wood in Sussex where the insect was taken is planted with conifers, some of them in a sickly condition, so that its breeding there is a high probability. The occurrence of a single example only is without significance because the captor, unaware at the time of the interest of his find, did not revisit the locality; but we hope to establish the fact of its breeding next year. M. memnonia must be regarded as an introduction or, possibly, a natural immigrant, and like a number of such species may well spread to other areas—indeed it may already have done so. It need not, however, be feared as a potential pest, since it does not appear to attack healthy trees. 1M. violacea L., as I shall show later, cannot be admitted to our list without further evidence. 63 Blackheath Park, London, S.E.3. 3.xiu.71. Notes and Observations HELIOTHIS ARMIGERA HuUBN IN DorRsET. — The paucity of moths in my trap in Surrey during October decided me to give the West Country a try, despite the late date. I journeyed down to Charmouth on 25th Oct. I stayed at a place I knew well from my fossil hunting days, that overlooks the river mouth and has grounds within’ 200 yards of the cliffs. There are fine old Macrocarpus trees in the garden. I ran a Robinson trap on the tennis court and found time on arrival, to work out an ivy run. Hopes of late Lithophane leautieri, Boise. were raised and lowered by the irritating habit of L. ornitopus, which sat about on the macrocarpus trunk as if they had just emerged. Throughout the next three nights moths were plentiful to both light and ivy. Phlogophora meticulosa Linn. averaged 50 per cent night and Agrochola lota Clerck. was also very common. An unexpected visitor to the trap was Griposia aprilina Linn. of which three were taken, though oak is very scarce in the district. 24 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD 13/1/72 On the first night the ivy yielded a fine Lithophane semi- brunnea Haw., a single Lucania l-album Linn. and one huge Rhizedra lutosa Hubn. Light produced nothing exceptional. On Tuesday 24th the trap was moved to a more exposed position, where, despite a stiff north-east wind, results were much better, and I was able to complete a short series of L. l-album, R. lutosa, Eumichtis lichenea Hiibn. and Aporophyla nigra Haw. It was on this night that I took a beautiful male Heliothis armigera Hubn. on ivy blossom. The final night started clear and cold with a quarter moon, but by 7.30 a ceiling of sea mist obscured the moon and the temperature rose from 47°F to 52°F n half an hour. This was another excellent night with most of the same species arriving in numbers. An additional species was a lone Peridroma porphyrea Schiff. Several Noctua pronuba Linn. were still flying — a very late date, while a single Erannis defoliaria Clerck. was exceptionally early. During the daytime, in warm sunshine, I found third brood Lycaena phlaeas L. flying, and saw a single Colias croceus Fourc. coming in from the sea. I returned home to Surrey on the 28th after a most ‘success- fut trip on which I had recorded 39 species including armigera. —E H. Wixp, 112 Foxearth Road, Selsdon, Croydon Surrey. CLOSSIANA SELENE DENIS & SCHIFFERMULLER: SECOND BRoop SPECIMENS.—I was very interested in Mr R. F. Bretherton’s reference (Ent. Rec., 83: 325) to second brood examples of this species, and agree that these are of rare occurrence. The fact that the fresh female caught on the 27th August 1971 is also considerably smaller than normal specimens is also of interest. I do not claim to have seen any second brood examples of this butterfly in the wild, but in September 1959, Dr A. M. Heron and myself reared several in captivity. Ova were obtained from a wild female taken near Aviemore in June of the same year, and the larvae fed on a mixed diet of wild violet and pansy leaves. Most of the butterflies were of normal size, but two were slightly smaller. In the same month and year we also reared a few examples of Clossiana euphrosyne (Linnaeus). The female parent was taken in May 1959, at Silverstone, Northants., and again the larvae were fed on violet and pansy. The butterflies are particularly fine, being of normal size and in two or three examples, marked with ad- ditional black near the wing base. I should add that the larvae of both species were reared at normal room temperatures. On subsequent occasions Dr Heron and I have attempted to rear more of these two butterflies in late summer, but with no success. The larvae resisted our efforts, even when higher than normal temperatures were imposed. Frowhawk mentions that although second brood examples of both species are re- corded, they are few in number.—GerorcsE E. Hype, 26 Warning- ton Drive. Bessacarr, Doncaster, Yorks. DN46SS. 20.xi.1971. NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS 25 LITHOPHANE LEAUTIERI BOISDUVAL IN WEST SOMERSET.—The latest account of the distribution of Lithophane leautieri Boisd. as a breeding species (1968, Proc. Brit. ent. nat. Hist. Soc., 1: 73) states that it is confined in Britain to the southern seaboard counties from Eastbourne to Torquay. In view of this, some account of its occurrence in West Somerset may be of interest. A Robinson mercury-vapour light trap has been regularly in operation on all suitable occasions since 1956. From 1956 to 1963 this was situated on the borders of the built-up area of Minehead. From 1964 to 1971 it was operated in rural condi- tions at Selworthy about three miles west of Minehead. In Minehead there were two mature specimen trees of Cupressus macrocarpa, probably planted when the house was built about 65 years ago, while there were, also, a number of these trees in the vicinity. At Selworthy there are no large macrocarpa trees in the immediate neighbourhood, the nearest being nearly a mile away. The first appearance of leautieri was in 1963 in Minehead after seven blank years. It occurred at Selworthy in early October and in small numbers (1-3) every year from 1964 to 1969, missed out in 1970, but turned up again this year (2). If any conclusions can be drawn from these records it seems to me probable (1) that leautieri breeds in the Minehead dis- trict and (2) that it may only have commenced to do so in the early 1960s. There has been only one other report from Somerset, from Shipham on the Mendips in 1966.—H. M. Cuappe., The Old Rectory, Selworthy, Minehead, Somerset. 25.xi.1971. BLASTOBASIS DECOLORELLA WOLLASTON IN KENT AND ESSEX.— It has been a habit of mine during the past few years to collect moss and lichen from walls, rocks, etc., in anticipation as to what may emerge from it later on. This year was no exception, and from moss growing on a wall at Folkstone, Kent, which I gathered at the beginning of April, four specimens of this moth emerged between the 6th and 8th of June. As far as I know, this is the first time either ova or larvae have been taken wild in this country, and the first time that moss has been noted as a pabulum for the species. There is an interesting article on this species by Mr S. Wakely in The Proceedings and Transactions of the South London Ent. and Nat. Hist. Society for 1947-48, when he first noted the species in Britain. Here it is stated that dead insects as well as other detritus formed the food substance of specimens reared by him. There were quite good growths of moss and lichen on the wall from which I gathered my supply, which contained its own fauna of live and dead insects etc. Apart from the four speci- mens of B. decolorella there also emerged from the moss one very dark specimen of Blastobasis lignea Walsingham. At the Stanford-le-Hope field meeting of the British Ent. and Nat. Hist. Society on the 3rd of July 1971, I was invited to 26 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD Ls /IyiZ help myself to anything that took my interest from the M.V. trap run by Mr R. Tomlinson in his garden the night before. Included amongst a number of micros I took were five speci- mens of B. decolorella.—E. S. BRADFORD, 38 Oakwood Avenue, Boreham Wood, Herts. 8.xi.1971. Obituary PERCY CUE (1877-1971) With the death on September Sth 1971 of Percy Cue at the remarkable age of 94, British Entomology has lost its oldest collector, who was active in the field when he had passed his ninetieth year. Born in Hammersmith as far back as July 1877, the flair for butterflies and moths was manifested when he was quite young. Soon after leaving school, he went into business, which took him to Stuttgart in the early years of this century. He made a fine collection of the lepidoptera of this rich region. He remained in Germany to near the outbreak of the war in 1914, when his firm opened a branch in Ashford, Kent, which town and district were to be his home for the rest of his long life. In the period between the wars, when he became managing director of this large factory, he found little time for entomology: it was after 1945 when he once more took up the pursuit of lepidoptera with his former enthusiasm, an enemy bomb having destroyed his foreign insects. For the next quarter of a century he made a thorough collection of the Ashford district, running a mercury vapour light trap nightly in his garden on the outskirts of the town. Hamstreet and Hoads Wood were also among his favourite haunts. Further afield, he wielded his net mainly in southern England, though he did quite a lot of collecting in north Lincolnshire when staying with a member of his family. In this way he got together a large and comprehensive selection of most of the English macro-lepidoptera, including several rarities. One of the most remarkable strokes of good fortune was his finding a Plusia confusa Stephens in 1954 on a fence outside his home. Other choice captures in his trap included the striped hawk (Celerio livornica Esper), the ni moth (Plusia ni Hiibner), the flame wainscot (Meliana flammea Curtis), a great rarity in Kent, while an almost black example of the oak beauty (Biston strataria Hufnagel) was probably his best prize. That large genus of the geometers, the pugs, always took his fancy, and he became an expert breeder of many of them, even venturing to the Norfolk coast when he was over 80 to obtain larvae of Eupithecia extensaria Freyer. In 1961, that great year for the crimson-speckled footman (Utetheisa pulchella Linné) he was lucky enough to secure a superb specimen at Dungeness. Often in May in his apple CURRENT LITERATURE pa orchard, that scarce little insect, the pinion spotted pug (Eupethecia insigniata Hiibner) graced his trap or his house. All hs captures he used to set most meticulously, even when he was 90, always in the continental style on high pins, and most beautifully displayed. Apart from entomology, he was in earlier days a keen fisherman and an egg collector. He liked a good game of bridge, and was an accomplished billiard player. In 1964 he and his wife, whom he originally met in Stutt- gart, celebrated their diamond wedding surrounded by many descendants to the fourth generation, and they were the proud recipients of a telegram from the Queen. Percy Cue was perhaps best known to those collectors who were frequent visitors to Kent, but he was always ready to welcome all who shared his interests. Of the most kindly nature, he was virtually indefatigable, right to the end of his long and active life, and all sympathy goes out to his wife and family. C.G.M.deW. Current Literature Atlas Provisoire des Insectes de Belgique, edited by Jean Leclercq. I have already reviewed the file containing maps 1-100 (Ent. Record 83: 28), and I have now received from Messrs E. W. Classey Ltd., the distributors, three further files of insect maps (101-200, 201-300 and 301-400), and maps 1-24 in a file desig- nated ‘“‘Arthropodes non Insectes.”’ File 2 101-200, shows in 101, the agricultural regions of Belgium, and 102 shows additions to maps 1-100 since their publication. Maps 103-174 deal with Hymenoptera species and 175-200 Lepidoptera. _ File 3 (201-300) shows the grid system for Belgium on 201, and on 202, the location of sand-loving plants Thereafter, 203- 278 deal with Hymenoptera and 279-300 with Coleoptera. File 4 (301-400) shows a map of the forest areas of Belgium on 301 and of the natural forest vegetation on 302. 303-377 deal with coleoptera and 378-400 with Lepidoptera. The non-insect Arthropod file gives the grid system for Belgium on 1 and a summary of all species recorded in this part on 2. Thereafter 3-24 deal with Diplopoda species. This part is edited by Jean Leclercq and Philippe Lebrun. The files maintain the foolscap format and are priced at £1.00 each for the 100 map files and £0.50 for the non-insect file, postage extra. The postage rates quoted are one part £0.12, two parts £0.18, three £0.23, and four or more £0.29. It is good to see this important survey making such good progress and the editors are to be congratulated on their efforts.—S.N.A.J. 23 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD 15/1/72 Lepidoptera Genetics, by Roy Robinson. International Series of Monographs in Pure and Applied Biology. Zoology Division, Volume 46, pp. ix, 687, text figs. Pergamon Press, Oxford. Price: £10.00. The lengthy introduction to this book deals with diverse subjects, including colour and pigmentation, seasonal and en- vironmental influences, discovery of aberrations, resistance to insecticides, hybrids, nomenclature, reproduction, sex deter- mination, sex ratio, gynandromorphism, intersexes, and par- thenogenesis. Chapter one deals with the elements of lepidopterous genetics, chapter two with elementary biometry, and chapter three discusses population genetics and polymorphism. This is followed by a chapter on industrial melanism, this phenome- non being chiefly illustrated by a classic example — the evol- ution of the melanic forms of Biston betularia (Linnaeus). Chapter five deals with the evolution of mimicry. Chapters six and seven discuss in detail the genetics of the Rhopalocera and Heterocera respectively, while the final chapter deals with the karyology of Lepidoptera. An extensive bibliography, and indexes of authors and sub- jects, and species, subspecies and aberrations are appended, the latter being arranged under genera and of limited use. The species discussed in chapters 6 and 7 are arranged in alpha- betical order according to genera, which is quite unnecessary as each has been fully indexed. On the question of nomenclature the author clearly indi- cates that he is aware of the many shortcomings in his book and states that the inclusion of authors in a review article savours of pedantry! He states that the problem of name changes is rather a nuisance for a work which deals with an entirely unrelated aspect of entomological research, a state- ment I find difficult to understand. However, some attempt appears to have been made in bringing the nomenclature up to date, as can be seen from Table 2 which lists a number of name changes or synonymies. However, the value of the book would have been enhanced if a list of the names used had been checked by specialists and any changes correlated and adopted throughout the work before its publication. This book appears to be primarily a review or a collation of the genetical studies that have been made on the lepidoptera. There is no doubt that it will serve as a useful reference work and should form a basis for future research on the genetics of Lepidoptera. Few references appear to have been omitted although it is extraordinary that there is no mention of Dryja’s monographic work on the genetics of Zygaena ephialtes (Linnaeus) (Dryja, 1959, Badania nad Polimorfizmen Krasnika Zmienego (Zygaena ephialtes L.), Warszawa).—W.G.T. LEPIDOPTERA OF KENT Gia) mon, Mag., 1: 190). Cobham, May 26, 1912 (F. Grant). 7. Wigmore Wood, not common (Chaney, 1883-87). Hollingbourne, three, May 11, 1997 (R. A. Jackson, Diary). Sittingbourne (H. C. Huggins). West- well (Scott, 1936); 1946 (Bull, Proc. S. Lond. ent. nat. Hist. Soc., 1946-47: 169); one, August 8, 1951 (C.-H.); one, 1957 (E. Scott teste P. Cue). 8. Folkestone* (Ullyett, 1880); one, August 16, 1987 (A. M. & F. A. Swain coll.). Stowting; Brook (C. A. W. Duffield). St. Margaret’s Bay, one, August 21, 1890 (Fenn, Ent. Rec., 1: 204). Dover, one, August 10, 1944 (B. O. C. Gardiner). Dover; Waldershare (E. & Y., 1949). Folkestone Warren, one at light, August 15, 1946 (A. M. Morley). Wye Chalkpit, June 10, 1957, beat seven larvae from buckthorn, moths reared (P. Cue). 9. Broadstairs, one, March 30, 1920 (J. W. C. Hunt). Minster, March 27 (4), April 7 (5), 21 (2), 1921, all around gas lamps (H. G. Gomm). Clifton- ville, one, September 10, 1951 (W. D. Bowden). 10. Brasted, occasionally (R. M. Prideaux). 11. Tonbridge, one, April 30, 1871 (Raynor, Entomologist, 6: 79). Eden- bridge, 1932, 1934 (F. D. Greenwood). Wateringbury, three in E. Goodwin coll. (C.-H.). 12. Ham Street, April 9, 1933 (J. H. B. Lowe). 13. Tunbridge Wells (E. D. Morgan). 14. Tenterden, c. 1855 (Beale, Diary). Sandhurst, one, 1929, in G. V. Bull coll. (C.-H.). 15. Dungeness, six at sallow blossoms, April 3-4, 1946 (A. M. Morley). 16. Folkestone, one, August 20, 1928, one, May 5, 1929, one at sallow, March 25, 1945 (A. M. Morley). First Recorp, 1831: Stephens, loc. cit. Philereme vetulata Denis & Schiffermuller: Brown Scallop. Native. Wood borders, copses, hedges; on Rhamnus catharticus. 1. Lewisham (Fenn, Ent. week. Int., 9: 59); abundant, 1861-62, one, 1863 (Fenn, Diary). Pauls Cray Common, fourteen, July 21, 1888 (Fenn, Diary). Hayes (Carr, Entomologist, 32: 40). Bexley (L. W. Newman, Wool Surv., 1909); larvae common on one bush, 1943 (Wakely, Proc. S. Lond. ent. nat. Hist. Soc., 1943-44: 20). Chislehurst, 1909 (Sperring, Ent. Rec., 22: 13). Farningham, a few larvae on R. catharticus (R. G. Chatelain). Bromley, July 28, 1963 (1), July 22, 1965 (1), July 5, 1966 (1) (D. R. M. Long). 5. Westerham (R. C. Edwards. Biggin Hill, larvae on R. catharticus, June 3, 1958 and in 1965 (C.-H.). High Elms, several worn, July 23, 1963 (R. G. Chatelain). 6. Between Darenth and Dartford, four, July 13, 1888 (Fenn, Diary). Greenhithe* (Farn MS.). Gravesend (H. C. Huggins). Eynsford, near rifle range, larvae on R. catharticus, June 4, 1965 (R. G. Chatelain). Wrotham, July 20, 1965 (T. Peet). 6a. Darenth Wood (Stephens, Haust., 3: 261); 1864 (Meek, Ent. mon. Mag., 1: 190); 1891 (James Entomologist, 25: 67); Buckell, Ent. Rec., 2: 190). Chattenden Roughs, not common (Chaney, 1883-87). 7. Wigmore Wood (Chaney, 1883-87). Westwell (Scott, 1936); one, 1960 (M. Enfield). Bearsted, one, 1947 (G. Law). Molash Woods, one, July 3, 1949 (T. G. Edwards). Boxley (A. H. Harbottle). -- 8. Brook (C. A. W. Duffield); common (M. Singleton). Alkham; Walder- share (E. & Y., 1949). Woolwich Wood, one, July 2, 1950 (W. D. Bowden). Lydden, larvae plentiful on R. catharticus, May 21, 1950 (C.-H.). (76) ENIOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 84 LL T2 11. Hoads Wood, 8-10 flying by day, June 21, 1955 (P. Cue); numbers “beaten from the undergrowth around the low branches of oak’, July 1959+ (M. Singleton). 12. Willesborough, one, August 2, 1954, one, July 21, 1956; Wye, two, 1954, one, 1956 (W. L. Rudland). 13. Tunbridge Wells* (R. H. Rattray in Knipe, 1916). First RecorpD, 1831: Stephens, loc. cit. P. tranversata Hufnagel ssp. variegata Lempke: Dark Umber. Native. Wood borders, copses, hedges; on Rhamnus cartharticus. 1. Lewisham, five, July 4, 1862; Dartford Heath, one, July 24, 1893 (Fenn, Diary). Chislehurst, one, August 3, 1907 (S. F. P. Blyth). Lee; Bexley; Keston (Wool. Surv., 1909). Orpington, 1949 (L. W. Siggs). Abbey Wood, 1954 (A. J. Showler). West Wickham, one, August 9, 1963, in m.v. trap (R. F. Birchenough). Farningham, a few larvae on R. catharticus, June 2, 1965 (R. G. Chatelain). Bromley, July 25 (1), 27 (3), 1964 (D. R. M. Long). 5. Farnborough* (Barnes, Wool. Surv., 1909). Downe (Barnes, loc. cit.); 1955 (C.-H.). Chevening, larva, May 16, 1914 (Gillett, Diary). Westerham (R. C. Edwards). Chelsfield, 1951 (A. M. and F. A. Swain). Cudham, 1952 (L. W. Siggs). Biggin Hill (C.-H.). Sevenoaks* (see under Variation). High Elms, two, August 10, 1962 (R. G. Chatelain). 6. Between Dartford and Darenth, July 13, 18, 1888 (Fenn, Diary). Greenhithe (Farn MS.). Shoreham* (Carr, Entomologist, 32: 40). Graves- end (H. C. Huggins). Culverstone, 1922; Wrotham, 1924 (F. T. Grant). Eyns- ford, several larvae, June 7, 1932 (Kidner Diary). (L. T. Ford); not common (B. K. West). Pinden (FE. J. Hare). Otford (W. B. L. Manley); June 21, 1959 (Trundell, Proc. S. Lond. ent. nat. Hist. Soc., 1959: 89). Eynsfora larvae on R. catharticus, June 4, 1965 (R. G. Chatelain). 6a. Darenth Wood (Stephens, Haust., 3: 260); (James, Entomologist, 25: 67, 28: 86). 7. Faversham (Barrett, Entomologist, 3: 331). Wigmore Wood; Darland Hill (Chaney, 1883-87). Westwell, July 16, 1934 (A. J. L. Bowes); one, 1959 (M. Singleton); two, 1960 (M. Enfield & D. Youngs). Soakham Downs (Scott, 1936). Godmersham, 1938 (C.-H.). Kings Wood (Scott, 1950). 8. Folkestone* (Ullyett, 1880). Elham, five, July 4-7, 1934 (Busbridge, Diary). Ewell Minnis; Shepherdswell; Whitfield; Wingmore (E. & Y., 1949). Dover, very common 1945, seen most years 1945-52 (B. O. C. Gardiner). Lydden, larvae fairly plentiful on R. catharticus, May 21, 1950 (C.-H.). Brook (Scott, 1936): one, 1959 (M. Singleton). Crundale, larvae, May 17, 1937 (E. Scott). Wye (C. A. W. Duffield); one 1954, three 1956 (W. L. Rudland). 11. Yalding (V.C.H., 1908). Aylesford, one, July’ 17, “195i° (Ge Ave: Davis). 12. Wye, one, 1954, three, 1956 (W. L. Rudland). Orlestone Woods, one, July 27, 1967 (T. W. Harman). 16. Folkestone, one, August 5, 1954 (A. M. Morley). VARIATION.—Lempke (Ent. Gaz., 19: 30) describes ssp. britannica as having the ground colour of the wings of a “much paler brown than that of the nominate form’, and illustrates a Kentish 9, Sevenoaks, 22.vi.1954 (plt. 3, fig. 6). FIRST REcORD, 1831: Stephens, loc. cit. LEPIDOPTERA OF KENT (77) Euphyia biangulata Haworth: picata Hubner: Cloaked Carpet. Native. Woods; foodplant unknown. 1. Abbey Wood; Shooters Hill (West, Ent. Rec., 18: 199). Bexley (A. H. Jones in Wool. Surv., 1909). Keston (H. Alderson in Wool. Surv., 1909). 3. Near Canterbury*, July (1871), a fine series (Parry, Entomologist, 5: 394). Canterbury*, July 1902(2), 1906(2), in F. A. Small coll. (C.-H.) Wardwell Wood; Bysing Wood, not uncommon, 1913-14, about 3-4 an evening; decidedly rare, 1924-26, about 3-4 per annum (H. C. Huggins). Blean Wood, one, July 20, 1923, in R.C.K. (C.-H.). East Blean Wood, one, July 7, 1921 (H. G. Gomm). Sturry, one, July 11, 1927 (H. G. Gomm). Clowes Wood, one, July 7, 1945 (P. F. Harris). Little Hall Wood, one, July 7, 1946; Broad Oak, one, July 20, 1946 (C.-H.). 6. Greenhithe* (Farn MS.). 6a. Darenth and its vicinity (Stephens, Haust., 3: 226). Darenth Wood, 1860 (Fenn, Ent. week. Int., 9: 59) (Dartford (V.C.H., 1908), may refer). Darenth, one, July 2, 1903, in RCK (C.-H.). “Kent” [? Chattenden], one, 1859 (Allchin, Ent. week. Int., 8: 5). North Kent [Chattenden]—1874-75 (Porritt, Entomologist, 7: 181, 8: 219); 1875 (Tugwell, Entomologist, 8: 293). Chattenden (Chaney, 1884-87); QQ at rest on oak. July 26, 1888 (Fenn, Diary). Chattenden Woods, not uncommon (Porritt, Naturalist, 6: 119). 7. Faversham“, 1867 (Barrett, Entomologist, 3: 331). Wigmore; Mark Oak Wood* (Chaney, loc. cit.). 8. Folkestone* (Ullyett, 1880). Reinden Wood, one, 1882 (Salwey, Entomologist, 15: 197). 10. Sevenoaks, June 1868 (Gill, in Ent. Ann., 1869: 142); one, June 21, 1871 (Raynor, Ent. Rec., 17: 267). Seal Chart, one, July 5, 1885 (Fenn, Diary); (Adkin, Proc. S. Lond. ent. nat. Hist. Soc., 1905-06: 39). 11. Wateringbury, 1904 (W. A. Cope); (V.C.H., 1908). Aylesford, one, 1954 (G. A. N. Davis). 13. Pembury, common (Stainton, Man., 2: 112). Tunbridge Wells (E. D. Morgan). 14. Knock Wood, Tenterden, c. 1855 (S. C. Tress Beale, Diary). Ten- terden, common (Stainton, Man., 2: 112). Sandhurst, one, c. 1935 (G. V. Bull). VARIATION.—In RCK are the following: Ab. albofasciata Gauckler, one, “Folkestone Dist.’; trans ad ab. albofasciata Gauckler, one, Blean Wood, 20.vii.1923, W. Rait-Smith. First RECORD, 1831: Stephens, loc. cit. E. unangulata Haworth: Sharp-angled Carpet. Native. Woods; foodplant unknown. 1. Birch Wood (Stephens, Haust., 3: 225). Bromley neighbourhood, 1882 (Watchurst, Entomologist, 16: 19). [West Wickham], 1861 (Huckett, Ent. week. Int., 10: 115). Farnborough, scarce, 1900 (H. Alderson, Wool. Surv., 1909).. 3. Oldridge Wood, several, c. 1946 (J. A. Parry). Broad Oak, one at light, July 26, 1946 (C.-H.). 5. Chevening, July 6, 1912, July 11, 1913 (Gillett, Diary). 6. Longfield, 1867 (Jennings, Entomologist, 4 (54): ii). 6a. Darenth Wood (Stephens, loc. cit.), [Darenth Wood] (Huckett, loc. cit.). (78) ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 84 15AL/ 72 7. Long Beech Wood, common (Scott, 1936); six at light, July 29, 1939 (C.-H.). Westwell, July 13, 1934 (A. J. L. Bowes). Boxley, 1953 (A. H. Harbottle). Hollingbourne, odd ones, 1920-22 (H. C. Huggins). 8. Foikestone*, 1860 (Fereday, Ent. week. Int., 9: 136); 1912 (Rait- Smith, Ent. Rec., 25: 174). Between Sandwich and St. Margaret’s Bay* (1883) (Shepherd, Entomologist, 17: 137). Elham, two at acetylene light, July 4, 1934 (Busbridge, Diary) (Wingmore (E. & Y., 1949) perhaps refers). Elham Park Wood, July 8, 1953 (Wakely, Ent. Rec., 66: 110; idem, Proc. S. Lond. ent. nat. Hist. Soc., 1953-54: 45). 10. Westerham*, July 16, 1898 (Heasler, Trans. Cy. Lond. ent, nat. Hist. Soc., 1898: 8). Sevenoaks, June 27, 1920 (Gillett, Diary). 11. Hoads Wood, one (P. Cue). 12. Ashford Town, two in garden, c. 1953 (P. Cue). Willesborough, August 20 (1), 21 (2), 23 (4), 1955 (W. L. Rudland). 13. Tunbridge Wells district*, one, 1868 (Cox, Entomologist, 4 (62): ii). Tunbridge Wells (E. D. Morgan); three, 1958 (L. R. Tesch per C. A. Stace)t Goudhurst, about six per annum, 1955-61 (W. V. D. Bolt). 14. Between Cranbrook and Hawkhurst, several (W. A. Cope). 16. Folkestone Town, one, June 1951 (A. G. Riddell per A. M. Morley). First REcorp, 1831: Stephens, loc. cit. Epirrita dilutata Denis & Schiffermiller: November Moth. Native. Woods, parks, gardens, bushy places, etc.; on hawthorn, aspen, elm, maple, sloe. Recorded from all divisions, except 7 (probably pre- sent) and 15. “Generally common” (V.C.H., 1908). D. R. M. Long records finding the larva at Bromley on hawthorn and aspen, at High Elms (div. 5) on elm and maple, and at Eynsford on sloe. VARIATION.—Newman (Proc. S. Lond. ent. nat. Hist. Soc., 1907-08: 93: Trans. Cy. Lond. ent. nat. Hist. Soc., 1907: 11) exhibited a melanic ¢ taken wild in Bexley Woods, October 23, 1907, “the first melanic specimen of this species reported from Kent’. In 1900, Buckell and Prout (Trans. Cy. Lond. ent. nat. Hist. Soc., 1909: 68) stated that the vast majority of London examples belong to ab. obscurata Stgr. In RCK are the following named abs.: pallida Prout, “Kent” (2); melana Prout, Mereworth, bred 1904 (4); fimbriata Haw., “Canterbury Wacher 94” (1); disjuncta Lempke, “Kent” (1). FIRST REcORD, 1720: The larva “was taken on the White-thorn ... near Peckham” (Albin. Nat. Hist. Eng. Ins., facing Plt. XLV. As this may refer to Surrey, the first positive Kentish record dates from 1809: Phalaena fimbriata Haw., Haworth, Lep. Britannica, 2: 320. E. christyi Allen: Pale November Moth. Resident, perhaps native. Woods, copses; on maple, sloe, oak. Note; Owing to the difficulty of checking genitalically much of the recorded material, there are relatively few records of confirmed Kentish occurrence, and unless so confirmed the following should be accepted conditionally. 1. Farnborough, October 1938 (D. Marsh, in de Worms, Lond. Nat., 1956: 87). West Wickham (E. Trundell, in de Worms, loc. cit.). Orpington a feral larva, from which a 92 ab. was bred October 21, 1949, gen. det. D. S. Fletcher (L. W. Siggs). | Exotic Entomological Specimens LEPIDOPTERA — COLEOPTERA — MISCELLANEOUS INSECTS OF THE FINEST QUALITY WITH DATA Please send 10p for catalogue R. N. BAXTER 16 BECTIVE ROAD, FOREST GATE, LONDON, E7 ODP, ENGLAND FOR A PERSONAL AND INTERESTED SERVICE In your replies please mention “The Entomologist’s Record” ENTOMOLOGICAL CABINETS TEN DRAWER UNIT INSECT SECTIONS STORE BOXES INSECT DISPLAY CASES MICROSLIDE CABINETS Sole manufacturers of the “Hull” Interchangeable Unit System formerly produced by J. J. Hill & Son Ltd. R. 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THE BUTTERFLY FARM LTD. Bilsington, Ashford, Kent, England Telephone: Ham Street 513 Founded in 1894 we now supply Butterflies, Moths and other Insects, living, unmounted (papered) and set, to clients all over the world. Our suppliers come from almost 60 different countries. We have a fine range of equipment for collecting, rearing and storage, books, charts, gifts and displays. Why not visit us, please make an appointment. Phone or write for details and catalogue Please mention the Entomologist’s Record. SPECIAL NOTICE The Editor would be willing to consider the purchase of a limited number of certain back issues. 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THE PROFESSOR HERING MEMORIAL RESEARCH FUND The British Entomological and Natural History Society announces that, as a result of applications received by 30th September 1971, awards have been made to Miss J. M. Ruse, Department of Zoology, University of Manchester, to help her research into the biology of leaf miners and their parasites on Sorbus aucuparia and related host plants; and to Mr P. R. Cobb, Editor of the Proceedings of the Heacham and West Norfolk Natural History Society, for continuation of his work on the life- cycle and distribution in Britain of the gall-wasp Andricus quercuscalicis (Burgsdorff). 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W. Harman, 26 Highfield Road, Chesterfield, Derbys. Ptycholomoides aeriferana H-S and Lozotaeniodes formosana Frol.—All Records of these two Tortricidae, including dates, localities and any ecological information, are required for a study of their present distribu- tion—Reply to T. G. Winter, Forestry Commission, Forest Research Station, Alice Holt Lodge, Wrecclesham, Farnham, Surrey. TROPICAL LEPIDOPTERA We are leading specialists in world lepidoptera of which we hold very large stocks from all families We purchase large and important collections and have contacts in most tropical countries Your Enquiries and Wants Lists are invited Please write to:- THE BUTTERFLY CENTRE PLUMMER TENTERDEN KENT CONTENTS Eumenis semele (L) thyone Thompson (Lep. Satyridae), a Micro- geographical Race. R. L. H. DENNIS Further Aberrations of Callimorpha jacobaeae Linn. (Lep. Arctiidae). R. W. WATSON The Burren, May 1971. E. A. SADLER Pseudagrion rubriceps Selys in tandem with Pseudagrion micro- cephalum (Rambur) (Odonata Coenagriidae). TANDRIB RANJAN MITRA and A. R. LAHIRI ; ae re, Ypsolophus horridellus Treitschke in Kent. E. S. BRADFORD The North American Tortricid Moth Endothenia hebesana (Walker, 1863), a Member of the Fennoscandian Fauna. M. OPHEIM .. Magdalis memnonia Gyll. (Col. Curculionidae), a Weevil New to Britain. A. A. ALLEN Heliothus armigera Hiibn. in Dorset. E. H. WILD Clossiana selene Denis & Schiffermuller: Second Brood Specimens. GEORGE E. HYDE Lithophane leautieri Boisduval in West Somerset. H. M. CHAPPEL Blastobasis decolorella Wollaston in Kent and Essex. E. S. BRADFORD Obituary: Percy Cue. C. G. M. de W. . Current Literature Lepidoptera of Kent (Part III) 11 12 19 19 20 22 23 24 25 25 26 27 (75) Se ny SS TI I SD, T. BUNCLE AND CO. LTD., ARBROATH, ANGUS, SCOTLAND — VOL.84 No.2 February 1972 THE -ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD AND JOURNAL OF VARIATION Edited by S. N. A. JACOBS, F.r.£.s. with the assistance of 4 A. A. ALLEN, B.S.C., A.R.C.S. C. A. COLLINGWOOD, B.SC., F.R.E.S. _ NEVILLE BIRKETT, M.A., M.B. H. C. Huaains, F.R.E£.S. _J. M. Cuatmers-Hont, F.R.E.s. S. WAKELY . Major A. E. CULLIER, M.C., F.R.E.S. Commander G. W. Harper, R.N. (Retd.), F.R.E.S. Lieut. Col. A. M. EMMET, M.B.E., T.D., F.R.E.S H. B. D. KETTLEWELL, M.A., M.B., B.CHIR., F.R.C.P., L.R.C.P., F.R.E.S. ANNUAL SUBSCRIPTION FOR THIS VOLUME No. 84 £3.00 Post free, for payment in sterling. £3.25 if payment is made in Foreign Currency Is now due and should be paid to Hon. Treasurer: | Mrs M. A. REDGRAVE, 2 Connaught Way, Tunbridge Wells, Kent PERLBETERELEIEDERLGESEDE HED MONTHLY le v0 g O ; m S 0 THE FRESHWATER LIFE OF THE BRITISH ISLES By John Clegg £2.25 ISBN 7232 0005 X This third edition of the standard reference book on the plants and invertebrate animals of ponds, lakes, streams and rivers is intended both for the serious student and the general reader. Among the subjects dealt with are the physical and chemical conditions of life in freshwater, the inter-relations of the rich variety of plants and animals and the impact of freshwater biology on mankind. The greater part of the book, however, is devoted to a systematic account of the groups of aquatic plants and invertebrate animals. Two chapters are devoted entirely to insects, and there is a useful chapter on the collection and examination of various specimens. The illustrations, comprising 16 plates in full colour, 51 half-tone plates and 95 text drawings, depict most of the groups of organisms described, as well as many individual species. WARNE. 40 Bedford Square, London WC1B 3HE PS ee ee ee, ee eS Se ee a ee PLATE III Agrodiaetus coelestina Eversmann and Cyaniris helena Stdgr. 1 A. coelestina Eversmann ¢ upperside 2 A. coelestina Eversmann 2 upperside 3. A. coelestina Eversmann ° underside 4 C. helena Stdgr. 3 upperside 5 C. helena Stdgr. 3 underside 6 C. helena Stdgr. 2 upperside 7 C. helena Stdgr. 2 underside an Agrodiaetus coelestina Eversmann (A.C.): a Lycaenid new to Greece and Western Europe By R. F. BRETHERTON, JOHN CouTsis, L. G. HIGGINS AND C. G. M. bE Worms The authors were fortunate to discover, in May and June 1971 on a mountain in the Peloponnese, a Lycaenid which appears to be previously unknown both in Greece and in Europe west of the Soviet Union. The first four specimens, two males and two females, were caught by R.F.B. and C.G.M. de W. flying beside a forest track along with large numbers of Cyaniris helena Stdgr.; both species frequented the flowers of a tall yellow vetch. They were at first assumed to be some form of C. semiargus Rott., to which C. helena has itself been often referred. However, J.C., seeing them on the setting boards, felt doubts about this identification. When he caught a single male himself a few days later he found that it differed in its genitalia, as well as in its colour and markings, from C. semiargus; and he suspected that it was a species entirely new to him. Later still he and L.G.H. were able to take a short series of both sexes. Though many of these were worn, they made fuller investigation possible. On his return to England L.G.H. was able after considerable search to determine them as Agrodiaetus coelestina Eversman (A.C.), a species which is little known and represented in few collections. Agrodiaetus coelestina was described by Edouard Evers- man in the Bulletin de la Société impériale des Naturalistes de Moscow, 1843, and in his “Fauna Lepidopterologia Volgo- Uralensis”, published in 1844. His description may be trans- lated from the Latin as follows: “Lycaena coelestina Evm. Wings with white fringes — on the upperside blue with black margins (male), or brown with tawny lunules on the hindwings (female); on the underside grey, with a median streak and a single row of black spots: the hindwings bronzy from the base to the centre, marked in the female with up to four tawny marginal lunules. The sea-blue colour inclines to silver. Rather smaller than L. acis. In the female the lunules overlap from one space to the next. It inhabits bare, dry mountains near the rivers Sacura- ram, Ic, Taschla, etc, in the province of Orenburg; it flies in June.” Our specimens, some of which are shown on the colour- plate opposite, agree well with this description. The females, however, vary somewhat in the number and distinctness of the tawny lunules on both surfaces and in the darkness of the ground colour on the underside. We may add that the super- ficial features which best separate the species from C. semiargus Rott. (acis Schiff.) are, first, the brilliant shining blue of the males upperside; second, the heavy greenish scaling on the underside in both sexes; third, the even align- 30 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 84 15/lH7i2 ment of the spot in space 3 of the underside hindwings with its neighbours: in C. semiargus, and also in C. helena, this spot is sharply set back towards the centre of the wing. This detail is more obvious in the females of A. coelestina than in the males because in the latter the spot in space 2 may be missing; but the alignment of the spots in spaces 3 and 4 is still clear. Brilliant colour in the males and some greenish tinge in the scaling on the underside in both sexes may indeed be present in some races of C. semiargus, though never to nearly the same degree as in A. coelestina; but the even alignment of the spots on the underside hindwings is never found in C. semiargus. The male genitalia of A. coelestina are shown in the drawings by J.C. below. They differ greatly from those of C. semiargus and their form has caused modern authors to place the species in the genus Agrodiaetus, widely separated from Cyaniris. Male genitalia of Agrodiaetus coelestina Eversman Upper figure’ side view of labides, falces, aedoeagus, etc. lower figure Ventral view, omitting valvae, vinculum, etc, which do not show good specific characters. AGRODIAETUS COELESTINA EVERSMANN 31 Herrich-Schaeffer included excellent colour plates of the upper and under sides of A. coelestina in his ‘“Systematische Bearbeitung der Schmetterlinge von Europa’, though there is no mention of it in his text, whose title-page is dated 1843, before Eversman’s (A.C.) own work. The species was illus- trated by Gerhard in his “Monographie” of 1853, and also, almost unrecognisably, by Lan (1884). Seitz (1907) figured the male upperside and the female underside, but in the former the colour is too dark a blue, and in the latter the greenish scaling is hardly shown. Of its distribution Seitz said: ‘In the South Russian steppes, at Sarepta, Orenburg, etc., and in the Caucasus”. He added that alticola Christ is a smaller form from Armenia, with the ccelli of hindwings beneath obsolescent, the verdigris dusting occupying nearly the whole hindwing, with a broader border to the upperside forewing. W.G. Sheldon (1914) found A. coelestina, commoniy mostly in poor condition, between 19th May and 26th June near Sarepta, on railway banks wherever there was a consider- able growth of leguminous plants. Along with some of his specimens there are in the British Museum (Natural History) a few from Uralsk and Guberli, and a single worn male which is labelled “Shar-Deresy, N. Syria: native collector, 1900’. Subsp. iranica Pfeiffer (1958) was named from the Elzburg Mountains in Iran, but we have not seen any examples. The former Tsarist province of Orenburg lies at the south east of the Ural Mountains, on the extreme fringe of geo- graphical Europe. Sarepita is on the river Volga a few miles below the city later made famous as Stalingrad. Even the Caucasus is a thousand miles east of the Greek Peloponnese. The discovery of A. coelestina there is therefore very sur- prising. Since as yet we know of only one colony, in a re- stricted locality where the species is apparently not abundant, it seems wise not to publish its precise position at present. The colour plate opposite illustrates both A. coelestina and C. helena. The taxonomic position of the latter is still un- certain. First described by Staudinger in 1862 from southern Greece, it has been treated by most authors as a form or sub- species of C. semiargus. No differences have been detected in their genitalia, and the two are not known to be anywhere sympatric. The superficial differences are, however, so great that it is difficult to regard them as con-specific. C. helena is smaller than most, if not all, races of C. semiargus: it ranges from about 26 to 32 mms. in the males and from 25 to 30 mms. in the female. On the upperside, the males are of a paler, more violet, blue; and the females have four or more large orange marginal lunules on each hindwing and frequenily up to three, more or less pronounced, on each forewing. On the underside, both sexes have a band of joined orange lunules on the hindwings, and traces of a similar band on the forewings are usually well developed in the females and fre- quently present in the males. It is true that in C. semiargus parnassia Stdgr. from the north side of the Gulf of Corinth 52 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 84 ISsji7~R traces of yellow lunules are fairly frequent on the underside hindwings of both sexes; but these never form continuous bands as they do in C. helena. C. helena also has a weaker and more hesitant flight and looks very different from C. semiargus on the wing. Seitz, who treated C. helena as a form of C. semiargus, linked it with C. antiochena Lederer, which is found in the Lebanon and in Kurdistan. This has a similar pattern and degree of lunulation on the underside, but in the females the uppersides have a heavy suffusion of brilliant blue, of which there is no trace in C. helena. C. helena has been found in several mountain areas of the Peloponnese, and has a considerable range of altitude, from at least 700 m. to 1,700 m. We do not know of any description of the larvae, and the food-plant is unknown. Clearly, more field study is needed before its relationships with C. semiargus or C. antiochena can be firmly established. We are much indebted to Mr T. G. Howarth, of the British Museum (Natural History), who arranged for the production of the di-positive from which the colour plate has been pro- duced. References Eversman (A. C.), Edouard. 1843. Bull. Soc. imp. Nat. Moscou 16: 535; 1844, Fauna lepidopterologica Volgo-Uralensis, 44-45. Casan. Herrich-Schaeffer, G. A. W. 1843-1856, Systematische Bearbeitung der Schmetterlinge von Europs, 1, tab. 70. Regensburg. Gerhard. 1853. Versuch einer Monographie der Europaischen Schmet- terlings-arten. Hamburg. Plate 16, i (a)-(d). Lang, H. C. 1884. The Butterflies of Europe, p. 130 and plate 21:6. Seitz. ,1907....Palearctic,. Butterflies; trans. Dr, K.. Jordan® p alassele plate 82 c and f. Sheldon, W. G. 1914. In search of Russian butterflies (Entomologist 47: 233-242). Staudinger, O. 1862. Stett. ent. Zeit. 265 Ellison, R. E. and Wiltshire, E. P. 1938, Fauna of Lebanon (Trans. R. ent. Soc. Lond. 88: 1-56. Higgins, L. G. 1958. Butterflies in Kurdistan Entomologist 91: 483); 1970, A Field Guide to the Butterflies of Britain and Europe, p. 291, plate 55, map 307. CLOSSIANA SELENE (Schiff.): SEConD BRoop — Prompted by the note by Mr R. F. Bretherton (Ent Record, 83: 352) I write to report a brood of 29 specimens bred out in August 1971. A female was caught on 8th June 1971; eggs were laid on or before 13th June and commenced hatching on 26th June. The larvae pupated between 23rd and 31st July and emerged between 3rd and 13th August. One larva did attempt to hi- bernate in July, but dried up in August. — A. S. WHEELER, Chelston, 18a Broadhurst, Ashtead Surrey. 27.xii.1971. TWO COLLECTING TRIPS IN EUROPE DURING 1971 35 Two Collecting Trips in Europe during 1971 (1) GREECE: DELPHI AND THE PELOPONNESE, MAY TO JUNE by C. G. M. de Worms, M.A. Ph.D., F.R.E.S. Greece has always proved to most collectors who are fortun- ate enough to visit that lovely country, one of the richest and most interesting in Europe as regards its lepidoptera, especially as it is on the boundary where the eastern and western fauna meet with a number of species from the Near East finding their way into the mountainous regions of the Greek Peninsula. I had sampled Delphiand some of the Aegean Islands in April and May of 1963 (vide Ent. Record 75, (234-238) I had always wanted to revisit this famous spot at a later date and the oppor- tunity arose again in 1971. What made me especially keen to see some more of Greek butterflies was the list published of them by John Coutsis (Entomologist 102, (1969), 264-268) and the illuminating accounts of his experiences in his correspon- dence to me from Athens. Accordingly I set out from London Airport on 17th May, reaching Athens in the afternoon and having a small Volks- wagen awaiting me, I motored the 120 miles to Delphi that evening, arriving well after dark at the new Europa Hotel which had kept me a most welcome late meal. This newly-built hotel looks out to the west and had some open verandahs whose walls were plastered with moths on my arrival to which I shall refer later, but among them I was glad to see a very fresh Leucania vitellina Hiibn. Little, however, had changed in this resort since 1963, except that the hillside where the famous ruins stand had been wired in, as I had been warned, which made collecting on this ground far from easy. So, I concen- trated on another area which had proved so fruitful before, a rough and rocky stretch down the road from the Castalia Spring and overlooking the Temple of Athene. This ground turned out specially productive on the morning of the 18th which broke with sunshine and warmth. Here Papilio alexanor Esp. was in abundance and a remarkable spectacle to see this grand insect careering over the rough terrain and occasionally fluttering on valerian, but never remaining still. However, many had been some time on the wing and it was by no means easy to obtain perfect examples or for that matter to net them. By far the commonest White was Pieris ergane Geyer readily distinguish- able from its near relative Pieris rapae Linn. by its much more leisurely flight. I noticed too several Whites hugging the rocks obviously looking for egg-laying sites. In each instance these proved to be females of Pieris krueperi Staud. and on one occasion I actually saw one depositing on a species of arabis. Gonepteryx farinosa Zell. seemed to be the prevalent Brim- stone, with a fresh brood just starting. There were also quite a number of Melitaea trivia Schiff., still quite fresh from the first brood, though mostly females, while M. phoebe Schiff. was 34 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 84 15/11/72 also fairly prevalent. The vicinity of the Castalia Spring seemed to be the usual beat for several Polygonia egea Cramer. The single Grayling obtained, a female, was later identified as Hipparchia aristaeus Bonelli. On May 19th I saw the first Iphiclodes podalirius Linn. and Papilio machaon Linn. as well as Limenitis reducta Staud. (rivularis Scop.) near Delphi, while an afternoon visit to Itea on the Gulf of Corinth provided some Thecla spini Schiff. in a rough flowery field near Khrisso. After my usual morning just east of Delphi, I motored after lunch on the 20th via Arachova along the new road which was being constructed up to the plateau just below Mt. Parnassus, but it was quite an ordeal negotiating some very rough stretches on this route. However, soon after I had ascended to the plateau conditions on the road improved and I eventually found a grassy bank where a lot of Blues were flying, especially among a species of astragalus. These mostly proved to be a large and very bright form of Plebicula amanda Schneider together with a good many Cyaniris semiargus Rott. in a very small form. Leptidia sinapis Linn. and Anthocharis cardamines L. were still flying at this altitude of about 4,000 feet. The Skippers were mainly represented by Pyrgus armoricanus Oberthur, by a large form of P. serratulae Rambur and also Spialia orbifer Hiibn. The following morning of the 21st on a slope near my hotel I took the first Melanargia larissa Geyer and saw the first Thecla ilicis Esp. on my usual collecting ground to the east. Another glorious day broke on May 22 when John Coutsis arrived from Athens before 9 a.m. and we drove via Amphissa to the wooded slopes of Mt. Ghionia, but little was flying except a few late Anthocharis gruneri H-S. and Issoria lathonia Linn. We returned via Delphi to some ground among olive groves near Arachova which was more productive with some late Zerinthia polyxena Schiff., also Melitaea cinxia Linn., M. didyma Esp., Melanargia larissa and we watched a P. alexanor laying on the flowerhead of a large umbellifer. Our final venue for the day was the Parnassus plateau which was again alive with Blues and Skippers. On this occasion we saw Carcharodus orientalis Reverdin, also a single worn female Thersamonia thersamon Esp., altogether a very energetic and profitable col- lecting tour for my last day at Delphi which, as already mentioned, produced a good assortment of moths mainly at the lights of my hotel. By far the commonest was the curious little Cossid which appeared also in the daytime, Dyspessa salicicola Mab. This insect appeared very numerous and in all sorts of variations in size and markings. Another plentiful visitor was the small Catocola eutychia Treits., a noted wanderer, while a very widespread species was Grammodes stolida Linn. Among the geometers were Scopula margine- punctata Esp., S. imitaria Linn., Anaitis efformata Esp. and the large Gnophus sartata Treits. The only Burnet noted was Zygaena punctum Ochs. On May 23rd in glorious weather I crossed the Isthmus of Corinth to Aegion from Itea, and then made my way up the TWO COLLECTING TRIPS IN EUROPE DURING 1971 30 fine new road to the small town of Kalavrita in the Pelopon- nese which used to be reached by an 80-mile detour via Patras. On the way up direct from the coast many P. alexanor were noted fluttering at thistles, but all well past their best. Aporia crataegi Linn. was abundant as also was P. amanda. The little mountain railway built in the 1880’s still runs up the coast to this delightful mountain resort at 2,000 feet, where I was joined that evening by Russell and Jocelyn Bretherton who had come through from a week’s collecting on the Island of Rhodes. As the main hotel in Kalavrita, the Mount Chelmos was not func- tioning we put up at the very nice Hotel Maria which was also the haven of Dr Schurmann and a colleague from Klagenfurt, but it meant taking all meals in the town. Another lovely day welcomed us when we set forth on a voyage of discovery on the 24th. We had good fortune early in that vicinity when Russell Bretherton caught a Philotes bavius hungaricus Dioszegy in the very spot that Gen. van Straubenzee took the original Greek specimen just 40 years previously. It was flying near some species of Salvia on which its larva is said to feed. Later on that day I secured two further examples of this rare Blue somewhat further afield. This second locality was alive with butterflies, including G. farinosa, G. rhamni Linn., Plebicula dorylas Schiff., in plenty, also P. thersites Cantener as well as the first Cyaniris helena Staud., that charming little Blue, at one time considered a subspecies of C. semiargus Linn., but easily differentiated on the wing by its much weaker flight and its habit of fluttering near the ground. The main Skippers were Carcharodes alceae Linn., and C. orientalis. It turned out luckily a very fine morning on May 25 when we all motored up the rough and tortuous road that leads from Kalavrita up to the lower levels of Mt. Chelmos, the highest mountain of the region rising to over 7,000 feet. We halted at a spot among the fir forest and made our way on foot up a winding path to the large stony plateau beneath the main peak. During the hour it took to climb to this level of some 5,000 feet, which we reached about 10.30 a.m. we observed a galaxy of spring flowers, including several remarkable species of orchids and also a carpet of the prickly astragalus, the larval foodplant of that splendid insect, Colias aurorina heldreichi Staudinger. But we were obviously too early for it and most of the other high level species, though we saw a single Parnassius mnemosyne Linn. Colias croceus Fourc., was very prevalent and we took a few fresh Anthocharis gruneri H-S Melitaea phoebe and Erynnis tages Linn. Among other flora noted was large growth of the yellow tulip (T. sylvaticum) and a crocus near the snow-line. We returned to our base in the late after- noon. Yet another very warm day greeted us on the 26th when we visited the famous Hagia Laura monastery and collected in its vicinity. M. didyma was abundant on the grassy slopes with an occasional Heodes tityrus Poda, also Philotes baton Bergst. and another worn Thersamonia thersamon. The next day, the 27th, again very warm and sunny, Russell and Jocelyn Brether- 36 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 84 '5/117 72 ton kindly took me in their car southwards on the precipitous | road over the Aronioa Neck which area was alive with Aporia crataegi in a large form. We then descended to the charming village of Aroania where a small watercourse provided 25 species of butterflies, including a lot of Limenitis reducta and several Anthocharis gruneri with a few worn Cyaniris helena. Near some further water along the road, west of Aroania we came across several Libythea celtis Larch in very fresh con- dition, altogether a very delightful day. Eary the next day, May 28, we headed southward again via Tripolis to cover the 100 miles to Sparta, seeing little of interest en route. We then travelled a few miles westwards to stay at the very well appointed Byzanteion Hotel at Mistras, noted for the ruins of its mediaeval city. Almost the first butterfly to greet was that grand Satyrid Kirenia roxelana Cramer flying near our hotel. Heavy rain fell that night and the first grey skies of my trip greeted us on the 29th, but these cleared about midday when we visited the famous ruins and found them an excellent haven for both sexes of K. roxelana which were darting about the walls and kept diving into bushes at the slightest provocation. Another feature of this remarkable locality was the profusion of the spectacular larvae of Papilio alexanor on a tall umbelliferous plant. They ranged from those just hatched to the very handsome full-fed creatures, some of which eventually pupated. The weather improved considerably on May 30 when John Coutsis arrived at an early hour all the way from Athens and we set out soon afterwards up the Langada pass westwards across the Taygetos range. Until recently the road had been extremely rough and difficult to ascend, but we were delighted to find a very good-surfaced and widened route right to the summit at 3,000 ft. and on down the southern side. We broke off from the top of the pass along some forest tracks to the foot of one of the higher peaks. Here we found a torrent where Clossiana euphrosyne Linn. was flying with a large number of Cyaniris helena in which both sexes were fresher than in any place where we had met this pretty little insect hitherto. On the higher ground Glaucopsyche alexis Poda was flying with a large Procris species. Later that day in a dry river bed near Mistras we again found K. roxelana flying among high trees with Celastrina argiolus Linn. and many Ochlodes venata B. & G. The last day of May, John Coutsis conducted us up a steep mountain road leading from Mistras into the Taygetos to a village in one of the higher valleys where we saw a lot of Polygonia egea and some late Callophrys rubi Linn. On the way down I took a male K. roxelana flying on the cliff face. John Coutsis motored back to Athens that afternoon. June opened with a glorious day when I set out with the Brethertons to the coastal resort of Gythion, en route we made two stops first near a bush covered hillside, where Russell Bretherton adroitly caught a fresh Nymphalis antiopa Linn., one of the most southerly records for this fine insect. Later TWO COLLECTING TRIPS IN EUROPE DURING 1971 aT at a dry river bed we saw a number of Gonepteryx farinosa and G. cleopatra, a few Limenitis reducta, while Thecla ilicis was flitting round ilex bushes. We noted a single Nymphalis polychloros Linn. while males of Maniola jurtina were just ap- pearing. After a refreshing bathe in the Aegean and lunch in Gythion we motored westwards to near Areopolis where on a bleak hillside Melanargia larissa was flying in a much paler form than further north. This Marbled White is extremely variable . We also saw Pyronia cecilia Vall (ida Esp.) and Hipparchia aristaeus Bonelli and a single Philotes vicrama. The following morning back in Mistras we parted company, the Brethertons heading for Athens and England, while I made my way again up the Langada Pass where on the summit near the very nice small hotel I once more found C. helena flying along most of the forest tracks. Then I made the steep des- cent on the good but very winding road to Kalamata, thence along the western coast road where I had to halt for a severe thunderstorm to pass. My route took me to Megalopolis and on over another steep road to the small town of Andrit- saena. I put up in the very comfortable Xenia and went out in the evening to see the famous ruined temple of Apollo at Bassae perched high up in isolation on a mountain face. Another very fine day welcomed me on June 3, when I des- cended again stopping en route to sample the lepidoptera. At one spot near Karitena I found a large concentration of Gone- pteryx farinosa and swarms of Thecla ilicis, also a few L. celtis, G. alexis and the first Argynnis niobe Linn. That evening I returned via Tripolis to Kalavrita, staying once more at Hotel Maria. A very fine day broke on the 4th when I made my way up to the plateau of Mt. Chelmos. This time Parnassius mnemosyne was about in force with an occasional Aglais urticae Linn. and Polygonia egea Linn. Not much else except Colias croceus, but no C. aurorina. Yet another warm day on the Sth when John Coutsis motored over from Athens. We had another very energetic tour revisiting our special haunt of the first days in this region, again with very good results. The first capture was a P. bavius as it rose from a clump of salvia. The species we had not noted before in this choice locality included Pieris ergane, P. krueperi, Plebicula escheri Hiibn. also Plebeius pylaon sephyrus Frivalasky as well as the first Pseudocharaza anthelea Friv. besides all the other insects we had seen on our earlier visits. Later that day we made another ascent to the Mt. Chelmos plateau fortunately just as the sun reappeared after an overcast period. Once more P. mnemosyne was in abundance and John Coutsis was delighted to get a series of this local form, but in spite of diligent search there was still no sign of Colias aurorina which Dr and Mrs Higgins found in plenty there just over a week later. Several species we had not observed before were noted in particular Polygonia c-album Linn. Pieris manni Mayer Aricia anteros Freyer, already worn and Syntarucus 38 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 84 15/11/72 pirithous Linn. On the way down John Coutsis took a fine Nymphalis polychloros. He returned to Athens, some 140 miles that evening. I set out early on June 6 for that famous city, collecting on the downward road to the Gulf of Corinth, mainly a few more G. farinosa and M. larissa. After staying overnight in the centre of Athens, I went the next morning to see the very fine collection of Greek butterflies formed by John Coutsis with almost every species represented. That afternoon I flew back to England after a most delightful three weeks in this superb country with almost unbroken sunshine and a goodly harvest of lepideptera of which we had recorded just 80 species of the butterflies. Eumenis semeje (L) thyone Thompson (Lep. Satyridae). A Microgeographical Race By R. L. H. DENNIS (Concluded from p. 11) Aspects of the Great Orme Race Two important points are associated with the Great Orme and adjoining populations, the overlap of characteristics and gene flow. 1. Gene Flow.—Gene flow between the Great Orme and Creuddyn populations has almost been certain in the past. Two features point in this direction. The first is historical. Prior to the 1860’s, Llandudno was a rudimentary point on the map; the isthmus (16 ft. O.D.) consisting of sand blown onshore to form the tombolo, is believed by Embleton (1961) and Whittow (1965) to have taken place in historical times; the sand itself being the estuarine product of the river Con- way. Prior to the construction of the town Llandudno, the sand dune formation would have allowed an unhindered morphological connection between the Great Orme and thte Conway Morfa and Nant-y-Gamar populations. It is important to realise that with this connection, the Conway Morfa popula- tion would still have approached greater contiguity with the Great Orme population, the reasons being : — _ (i) The Conway Morfa semele adjusted to the sand dune environment would have covered the whole range of the con- nection unbroken, but for the river break, from Conway Morfa to the junction with the Great Orme. However, Nant-y-Gamar semele adapted to the Limestone niche, would because of their close adjustment to that environment, and because of their colonial nature, have been unlikely to have contributed greatly to the Great Orme population, especially when it is remem- bered that a gap of 2,500 yards at least is involved, terrain consisting of a semele population likely to absorb any speci- mens from Nant-y-Gamar exposed by voluntary displacement. The Conway Morfa semele would, however, have been in EUMENIS SEMELE (L) THYONE THOMPSON 39 continual contact with thyone, allowing introgression. (ii) The prevailing westerlies on the basis of a Flandrian climatic low zonal index (Willett), with a swing from south of west to north westerly approaches, would have allowed greatest interchange between the Great Orme thyone and the Conway Morfa semele. As the Nant-y-Gamar population is east of south from the Great Orme, anemochore dispersal effecting removal of occasional thyone would have contributed but little to that population. In this way, the reduced characteristics of the Conway Morfa population have developed with time; also the Great Orme population must have acquired gene flow into its population. Prior to investigating this situation, it is of value to establish the length of time of operative gene flow, and perhaps the initial isolation of E. semele population on the Great Orme. The thyone population is a geotype, highly adapted to con- ditions on the Great Orme in a past period, and currently also, though perhaps not to the same extent. As with P. argus caernensis Th., their isolationary locality is undoubtedly the Great Orme; the coincidence of these unrelated species demands this alone, especially their identical distribution. (Figure 1). In a future work on the ‘Establishment of North Wales Rhopalocera’, it will be shown that it is significantly improbable (if not impossible) that E. semele could have sur- vived Zone III of the Late Glacial in North Wales (10.800— 10.200 B.P.), and certainly no glacial phase of the Upper Pleniglacial, the last dating 16.800—11.750 B.P. (Bryncir, Glanllynau, Lleyn Peninsula; Saunders 1968). This would mean that semele arrived during the early Post Glacial, and was isolated on the Great Orme in a subsequent period. B. P. Beirne determined the necessity cf a glacial phase for this isolation, an impossible suggestion, since the whole of N. Wales was covered by ice, and the Great Orme was so in- undated even in Whittow’s Stage III of the Weichselian Glaciation (post 16.500 B.P.) (Whittow 1969). A probable period of isolation can perhaps be dated to the Flandrian optimum marine transgression (7.500—5.000 B.P.) or to the periods preceding or succeeding this. During this phase, (Zone VIIa Atlantic Period) the July mean was perhaps 4°F above the present value, and much of Britain was forested. In fact, the tree line would have risen 900 ft. (corroborated in certain pollen diagrams) or more. Whittow (1965) has estab- lished on the basis of raised beaches along the North Wales, Lancashire and Furness coasts, and on the important dated Gareg Lwyd (Anglesey) section, that a marine transgression, 16 ft. O.D., occasioned during the Flandrian optimum along the North Wales coast. Embleton (1961) suggested that the old valley of the river Conway, from Glan Conway to Penrhyn Bay (see line of Creuddyn boundary in map, antea 82, 1970; p. 174) was flooded by this rise in sea level, segregating the Creuddyn Peninsula 40 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 84 15/II/72 from the Silurian mainland. “It also seems possible that the Great Orme’s Head again became insular at this time for to-day the Llandudno tombolo stands at an average elevation of only 16 feet, and much of this height is due to the accretion of several feet of blown sand within historic time.” (Whittow 1965). Yet ideas on the magnitude of this transgression may be altered with future research. This would establish isolation of the semele population on the Great Crme, and perhaps the selection period, the nature of which as yet cannot be ascertained with any cer- tainty. However, it may well be related to subsequent des- sication in the Sub-Boreal period, bearing in mind the pro- nounced evapotranspiration associated with the west side of the Great Orme. This would also necessitate spatial isolation. This area, now occupied by thyone and caernensis on the Great Orme was possibly one of the few areas without arboreal coverage, due to strong westerly gales and the instability of thin limestone soils on such steep slopes preventing tree growth. The existence of H. nummularium (foodplant of P. argus caernensis) is indicative enough that some part of the Great Orme as well as adjacent limestone areas was not forested. Gene flow was prevented by one or both of the above factors during this period, and was only initiated at some point in time post 5000 to 2500 B.P., once the tombolo had been constructed, and once any vegetative barrier had been reduced. This could mean that continued gene flow has obtained between thyone and contiguous semele popula- tions for 2500 years, but likely for far less than this span of time. This function is now in the process of being swiftly negated, the reason being the continued urban growth of Llandudno along the west shore, and the utilization of the sand dunes for H. sapiens’ recreation. 2. Overlap characteristics—The second feature providing evidence for gene flow is contained in Figure 2. The disper- sion diagram illustrates an almost complete segregation of Great Orme and Prestatyn semele, exemplifying the expected difference between such populations ensured by such an effective distance barrier. There is, however, a marked over- lap of thyone with Conway Morfa and Creuddyn semele in all features; this is indicated by the zone between the 2c lines. reduction of Conway Morfa semele characteristics, when it is remembered that they should approximate those of Prestatyn semele. The explanation has been given above,—the continued genetic interchange along a contact zone throughout—at least —historical times. It is assumed then that this phenomenon has resulted in the overlap of characteristics between thyone and Conway Morfa semele, reducing the differences between those populations. This has important repercussions for the Great Orme race, as E.B. Ford makes abundantly clear :— “It is especially to be noticed that even a trickle of indivi- duals from some main area would hinder the accurate build-up EUMENIS SEMELE (L) THYONE THOMPSON 4] of the gene complex required to fit a community to the peculiarities of a small locality. In the face of such immigra- tion this could only be achieved by very powerful selection.” (1964, p. 66). Yet, the Great Orme race has managed to retain its identity, and it is important to assess the current ability of thyone Th. to establish its unusual features. Certain possibilities present themselves. |. (a) Gene flow is a one way process towards Conway Morfa and the Creuddyn Peninsula. (b) Selection pressures retain the integrity of thyone versus gene flow into the population. (c) The gentic composition of thyone Th. presents a partial barrier to incoming gene flow. (d) A proportion of the population (0:5+0-2) with pure thyone characteristics emerge earlier than semele elsewhere, and retain their morphological characteristics by a process of temporal subspeciation. (a) The chance of a one-way gene flow process seems highly improbable; not only is this thesis negated by pronounced pos- sibility of anemochore dispersal into the thyone population via strong westerly winds in June and July, but also a contact zone would require voluntary displacement in either direction from the contact. Yet, some argument may perhaps indicate a thyone exodus excess, demanded perhaps by the higher fre- quency of northwesterly gales, provoking unidirectionalism. However, voluntary displacement would take place at a cons- tant frequency along the line of junction, and is probably not persuaded in either direction by wind directional preferences. An important facet to be expanded later, is the relation- ship of thyone’s morphological characteristics with sections of the flight period. This association was discovered this year, when the writer was able to sample the population in mid-June. On addition of the 1971 values to the 1969/70 figures, the means of spot size and wing expanse were reduced. In fact, the differences between the mean wing expanse figures quoted here, and those given by J. A. Thompson is probably associated with the fact, that the writer has been unable to sample early enough in the flight period. As the flight period progresses, thyone specimens assume more the morphological characteris- tics of Conway Morfa semele. This is a certain indicator that gene flow enter the thyone population from Conway Morfa, and would denounce any unidirectionalist theory. (b) As mentioned above, in the face of gene flow, high selective pressures would theoretically be required to stabilize thyone racial features. This is a definite possibility, if not a necessity. Prior to 1940, selective advantages were believed to be no greater than 1%; they are now known to commonly exceed 25% (Ford 1964, p. 32). It is certain that Great Orme thyone are well adapted to the west side of the headland; the distribution of both endemic races (Figure 1) indicates this. Certainly there is a selective advantage for thyone, for 42 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 84 15/11/72 neutrality or negative conditions would have reduced it to extinction. Yet, it can only be suggested here what the selective pressures might be, or might have been. They could well have been related to extreme evapotranspiration on the Great Orme. Certainly the distribution of the two races would suggest this. First of all, the southwesterly and westerly sides receive the greatest insolation in the Northern Hemisphere (Geiger 1968), secondly, the isohyets are depressed markedly from Snowdonia towards the Great Orme to give 30 inches of rain each year on the headland; finally, the constant westerly gales on this exposed west face, coupled with the limestone lithology increases evapotranspiration, percolation and thus desiccation of vegetation on the steep slopes. Yet, there is no correlation of these factors with semele size east to Prestatyn where the rainfall total, lithology and other factors are similar. (Moel Hiraddog). However, the fact that there is no correla- tion of semele facets with desiccation criteria does not preclude this explanation entirely; since it may well have been that semele became highly adapted by a unique genetic fixation to extreme desiccation on the west sde of the Great Orme, where it survived such a period; but that elsewhere, it became extinct on the limestone, or has since become extinct. The retention of its characteristics would then be explained by the slight advantage offered to thyone on the west side of the Great Orme, and its temporal segregation from the nominotypical form. It is interesting, that semele colonies in North Wales, and perhaps elsewhere, are invariably on west or south west facing slopes, even in respect of the fact that they are thus usually exposed to continual gale force winds. W. J. P. Mears has also noticed this disregard or attachment to wind swept slopes in South Devon. Detailed work on the early metamorphic stages of thyone and semele may establish the nature of the selective pressures and the genetic situation, and would certainly test E. B. Ford’s suggestions on the genetic factors involved. (c) It is to be doubted that the genetic composition of thyone Th. presents a partial barrier to incoming gene flow. There is little evidence to suggest this. The genetic factors that contribute to thyone are perhaps slight, and not of the order to suppress hybridization. _ (d) A central feature of thyone Th. is its early emergence, and thus relatively early flight period compared to nomino- typical semele. This means that for half its total flight period, it is isolated completely from Conway Morfa semele. Emer- gence on the Great Orme usually begins before the 10th June, but when environmental factors interrupt the emergence sequence there, a similar occurrence usually obtains on the Creuddyn. This means that high selective pressures on the Great Orme are not entirely necessary to retain the integrity of thyone Th., for it can do so by a system of temporal sub- speciation. This theory has been developed in an earlier issue (antea 63, 207) by the writer and obviates repetition here. EUMENIS SEMELE (L) THYONE THOMPSON 43 An important question demands the nature of the genetic controls on this race. E. B. Ford, forwarded a simple monogenic theory, involving a single gene that speeds up development, so that smaller imagines emerge at an earlier date, the larvae not having attained full growth; it was a suggestion based on an understanding that dwarf thyone Th. on the Great Orme ‘‘com- prises the whole population.” It must be borne in mind that there is not just the matter of reductionism involved in thyone; coloration and marking facets are differentiated in addition, but are difficult to express in an objective manner (antea 82, 104 and 168). Some of these latter facets may, however, be purely environmental, but a glance at a series from Rhyd-y-Foel, Moel Hiraddog, Nant-y- Gamar and Bwrdd Arthur (limestone environment) suggests that thyone coloration and markings are endemic to the race. There are perhaps two possible explanations : — (a) As E. B. Ford suggested a simple monogenic situation may exist, which speeds up or breaks the ontogenetic sequence, with composite effects, but creating an overlap with contiguous populations in the manner held above. This is the more likely explanation. (b) There is the possibility of a polygenic situation involving two or more genes, perhaps with close linkage. Certainly this situation allowing selection to operate on continuous latent variation would have allowed more rapid adjustment of thyone to local conditions during the period of its formation. It is, of course, all the more remarkable that P. argus caernensis reveals an identical stenoecious limitation, indicat- ing that both races have undergone the same selective pres- sures during a past period. This gave the writer every reason for seeking a general environmental factor such as the severe desiccation of the food plants at some point in the year (May/ June), perhaps in the last larvae instar, a highly probable occurrence on the Great Orme. This would select for gene(s) establishing early emergence and reduced size in the two species. Again, this suggestion reflects on the Boreal and Sub Boreal periods, when the continental climate would cer- tainly have reduced the Great Orme to more than its usual desiccated appearance. The writer is grateful to R. G. Payne for directing his attention to another isolated colony of semele in the Malvern Hills displaying dwarfism; the measurements of the males being well below that of the thyone mean. This colony, and perhaps one on Hutton Roof Crag in Westmorland discovered by the Rev. J. V. Hall indicates that conditions producing thyone sized populations can recur in different areas, though of course, this does not suggest for a moment that the same genetic factors are involved. In the preceding paper on E. semele thyone Th., it was indicated that G. Ellis pointed out, that a dwarf form of semele occurred on the hillside above Glan Conway. It appeared un- 44 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 84 15/11/72 likely to the writer that this population was referable to thyone Th. However, Dr J. F. D. Frazer kindly informed the writer that he had a series of these insects supplied to him by G. Ellis, and that they were of the general size found on the Creuddyn Peninsula. I extend my gratitude to Dr J. F. D. Frazer, Mr W. J. P. Mears, Mr H. N. Michaelis and Mr R. G. Payne for information supplied; to Mr A. Brindle for kindly setting out series of E. semele in the Manchester Museum for inspection; and to Mr E. Drouet for providing me liberally with Grayling specimens from various localities in France. References Dennis, R. L. H., 1970. Entomologist’s Record, 82: 104-110, 168-175. Dennis, R. L. H., 1971. Entomologist’s Record, 83: 207-210. Embleton, C., 1961. The Geomorphology of the Vale of Conway, N. Wales. Trans. I.G.B., 29: 47-70. Ford, E. B., 1969. Butterflies. Collins. Ford, E. B., 1964. Ecological Genetics. Methuen. London. Mayr., E., 1969. Principles of Systematic Zoology. McGraw Hill. Saunders, G. E., 1968. Glaciations of a Possible Scottish Readvance Age in N. Wales. Nature, 218: 76-78. Thompson, J. A., 1944. Entomologist’s Record, 56: 65. Whittow, J. B. The Interglacial and Post Glacial Strandlines of N. Wales. Whittow, J. B. and Ball, D. F., 1970. North-West Wales, in ‘Glaciations of Wales.’ Ed. Lewis, C. A., Longmans. London. The Burren, May 1971 By E. A. SADLER (Concluded from p. 18) That evening, we once again gathered at Doolin, where what seemed to us a nearly perfect night, cloudy, wind-free and warm, was in the offing, and with high hopes, we posi- tioned our six lights along the by now familiar shore, but, as all too frequently happens, what seemed an ideal night to us, did not make the moths go wild with delight. Our intake by midnight being very poor (though by then we had still man- aged to take five caesia between us) and the cloud cover having dispersed, we agreed to leave the lights burning the rest of the night, hoping things might liven up before dawn. After mak- ing sure our three generators had enough petrol, we left them to their own devices while we returned to our hotels and bed. R. and I were up early next morning and back at Doolin by 6 a.m., where we were disappointed to find that despite the remainder of the night having remained calm and warm, the only additions to our intake were a male Macrothylacia rubi L., which must have been on an unusually early flight; two Laothoe populi L. and an Eustrotia uncula Clerk, both of THE BURREN, May 1971 45 which species seemed in a most unlikely spot with no trees or marsh in sight. We packed up the lights and after breakfast met M. at the Ballyvaughan traps, which, bewilderingly, were crammed with moths. Among these were some nice dark forms of Anagoga pulveraria L., several very pink Hadena contigua Schiff., and a few Ectropis crepuscularia Hiibn,; and the only example of Perizoma albulata Schiff. we were to see during our stay. S. lunaria and salicata were common, and C. mendica ab. rustica was for the first time in good numbers, all being males, among which I took a specimen with a grey suffusion over a large part of the hindwings. We now made another visit to Newtown Casile, where sinapis was again flying well in the sunshine. M., who was on the lookout for such things, found a web of larvae on a small blackthorn bush. Both larvae and web were fairly small but a close inspection showed them to be of Eriogaster lanestris L., which pleased him as he had not met this species before. A closer look round this area produced more webs, all low down on small hawthorn or blackthorn bushes standing alone in the open, and not on hedges as they are in Dorset. We noticed other webs elsewhere in the Burren after this, prob- ably having previously dismissed them as small pieces of sheep wool caught in the thorns, with which these as yet undeveloped webs could easily be confused at a distance. We took a web each, from which we now have numerous coccons, and it will be interesting to see whether this species, when it emerges, differs from English specimens, as so many other Burren species do. After lunch, with the sun siill shining, Fanore Strand was revisited, where we hoped to find that a few early purpuralis had been encouraged by its warmth to emerge, but after a brief inspection, in which we saw none, we again resorted to grubbing amongst the moss for cocoons, finding another half dozen for a lot of effort over a long afternoon. After this, we decided that there must be an easier way of obtaining our series than this, and I could not help feeling that we had some- how missed the main breeding ground, although we had by now sampled all the areas where the foodplants, thyme and trefoil, grew abundantly, and we pondered this problem with- out arriving at a solution as we drove back to our hotels. We descended on Doolin that evening at dusk, the nearby local inhabitants having by now become used to our two identical Avengers arriving each night, and their dogs, mainly of collie-type ancestry, ceased nipping at the heels of the cars, and continued their sleep, which, we found in the Burren area, usually takes place in the middle of the road. Here they lie as one drives around them or sit defying the car to touch them, as if they believed it to be some kind of robot cow or donkey. Considering the large quantity of both these animals that seemed to make these narrow, walled lanes their home, perhaps the dogs can be excused their attitude. The people 46 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 84 15/11/72 of the area, I might add, were friendly without exception, which we eventually found embarrassing, as we repeatedly had to acknowledge the cheery waves of young and old as we dashed about from place to place, in fact it became so arm- tiring that R. and I, who were taking it in turn to drive each other about, considered appointing a duty waver each day, as well as a duty driver! At Doolin we found a stiff breeze was blowing, but by carefully siting our lights in rocky hollows, we were able to miss the worst, and get a fair intake for our trouble, though unfortunately, our main quarry, the elusive caesia, was again not really trying to grace our cabinets. We packed up at midnight because of strengthening winds, with only two specimens, and I also took the only Apatele menyan- thidis View. of our holiday. The following morning, as we had become accustomed to expect, there had been another good intake at the traps over- night, though we found little in them that interested us any more. With the weather again bad, we decided to visit Moheramoylan to try to locate the extensive beds of mossy saxifrage, which we understcod grew thereabouts, on which, I had calculated, we should perhaps be able to locate larvae of the third plume specialty of Ireland, Stenoptilia saxifragae T. B. Fletcher at this date. By following a lane marked Moheramoylan on our map we found ourselves at a dead end in someone’s farmyard, and though we had noted odd clumps of saxifrage growing along the roadside verges on the way, we now found ourselves surrounded by grassy fields, which looked most unpromising. Suddenly, through the drizzle, we saw a small figure at the top of a nearby mountain, who was waving what appeared to be a black net. Without more ado we hastened over the intervening fields and up the slope to catch up with this supposed entomologist, who might well be able to assist us. I was disappointed to see that the man was, in fact, a local, the net being, of all things, a large umbrella. As I approached I could hear him informing someone I could not see, who was over the steep edge, that I was coming. I passed the time of day with the gamp-wielder and explained my mistake and asked him if he had ever seen collectors here before. He had not, and neither had his companion, who by now had clambered up to join us. Trying a different tack, I asked if they could tell me where saxifrage grew, but it was soon apparent that these two knew nothing of the local plants when they pointed out some milkwort flowers at our feet as a Burren specialty! While this unrewarding conversation was taking place, I could see my friends inspecting an area covered with white flowers, and thinking that they had discovered what we were seeking, I hastily bid these curious characters adieu, and left them to continue whatever they were supposed to be doing on this mountain top in pouring rain, rather pleased to think that we were not the only idiots to be in such a situation On rejoining my companions, I found they were among exten- sive beds of mountain avens, but as we wandered back across THE BURREN, MAY 1971 AT the top on our own way down, we discovered a few mossy saxifrage plants growing under a low stone wall. M., more I am sure, as a last restort, knelt heroically among the wet plants, asking as he did so what saxifragae larvae looked like. I had hardly finished explaining that it was green with red stripes, when he pointed out a nice plump specimen marching along the prostrate leaves, and R., who had been examining another plant found a slender reddish pupa, which was obviously of this species, but which had unfortunately been flattened beneath someone’s foot. Throwing all thoughts of future rheumatics aside, we were by now all on our knees, R. finding a second and this time undamaged pupa attached to a leaf. We both found a number of larvae in a wide variety of sizes, and ranging in colour from yellowish green to quite pink examples. M., on the other hand, after his initial success, had only located a few more, and when R. was heard to complain that the rain was misting up his glasses, M. quickly retorted “you should worry”. We were by now wet and cold, and as we had searched all the available plants, we decided to go back and look at the plants we had seen on the approach road, where on this lower level, we could get some relief from the strong wind. Back at the farmyard, we found the farmer peering from his doorway, probably puzzled at our intrusion, but wet as we were, we had no inclination to stop and chat, and diving gratefully into our Avengers, we drove off to the roadside plants. These, at first glance, seemed devoid of life, but I eventually spotted a larva on a flower head, and we were soon finding them in numbers, high up on the flower stems, and we quickly arrived at the quantity we needed. We packed up and were soon on our way back to our hotels and dry clothes, very pleased to think we had managed to get one of the Burren’s plume specialties. We each later bred a series from these larvae. M. joined us at dusk at Lisdoonvarna, but it was obvious such a cold and windy night would be hopeless at Doolin, so we drove to Newton Castle, where I ran one token m.v. while we searched for larvae, but we found nothing, and with noth- ing at the light, either, we called it a day at midnight. The traps at Ballyvaughan the following morning also reflected the bad night, with a poor intake. As M. had to leave for Dublin at dawn the following morning in order to catch his plane, we assisted him to pack up his two traps. Whilst doing this, I again found a purpuralis larva, which took us to Fanore Strand as soon as we finished here, for yet another try for this common Burren species, which was proving so difficult to obtain. While we three were engaged in our moss scratching routine for a few more cocoons, M.’s family who had accompanied him, and who, we thought had gone to the nearby beach, had instead hit upon the main purpuralis colony, as we soon discovered when a representative arrived clutching a pillbox, thoughtfully provided by M., which was stuffed with cocoons and a few larvae, which they had found A8 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 84 I5/f a2 with little effort. We hastened to their lucrative spot, find- ing it similar to several other flat pavement areas we had previously inspected without results. This one seemed little different, except that it was larger, with, if anything, much sparser covering of plant growth than most. A small amount of trefoil grew from crevices, and thyme grew mainly on a few ant hills dotted about, yet purpuralis cocoons were abundant and only partially hidden beneath this spartan plant life, and we quickly gathered all we required. Then one of us casually turned over a loose stone, we were amazed to find it encrusted with purpuralis cocoons and irrorella pupae, all jumbled up together, and many other stones were found to be equally infested. Imagines of the latter were also found on the wing, but it was some days after returning home before purpuralis began emerging from our cocoons. We all succeeded in rear- ing a series of this rather poor looking burnet, which appears worn even in mint condition. Elated by our success, we now visited the nearby slopes of Mount Gleninagh, where we netted a few more C. minimus before the wind and rain, which had bothered us for most of the holiday, started up again, and we retreated hastily to the cars and lunch, after which M. left with his family to do some shopping. As we sat deciding what our next move could be, the bad weather rapidly cleared, and we spent a pleasantly hot afternoon at Newton Castle, where sinapis was again every, where, my companion doing particularly well, considering the boulder-strewn terrain, by netting the only Hemaris tityus L, we were to see, and Euphydryas aurinia Rott. and Epirrhoe tris- tata L. From a few specimens of each which we saw, the latter, which was, luckily for me, a female, was kept for ova, and we reared a series each of this very black and white form (which was a new species for me) in July, only a few pupae overwinter- ing. We also gathered spun burnet rose shoots here, from which we reared a number of the pink flushed Notocelia in- carnatana Hiibn., and a few Argyrotoza bergmanniana L. A cold, windy night put any thoughts of m.v. work from our minds, and the poor intake at the trap the following morn- ing proved how right we had been. We reflected that M., who was by now well on the way to Dublin, had not missed much. We now had the unhappy task of packing our trap up as we would be returning home ourselves early the following morn- ing. Thanking our crofter friend for allowing us to plug in, we bade him goodbye and departed, though we stopped to walk up the field near his house before leaving the area, and I was pleased to net a few examples of the local Cochleophasia pubicornis Haw. here before we left to visit Blackhead for the last time. Here we clambered about the shore line admiring the clear rock pools, in which various coloured seaweeds, sea anemones, and shells lived, and we noted a number of empty purple-spined sea urchin shells lying about the rocks, whose contents, we guessed, had been eaten by seagulls. R. and I wandered apart as we explored, and looking back to where he THE BURREN, MAY 1971 49 was I saw a coachload of American tourists stop and disem- bark on the coast road just above him. He told me when we joined up again, that several very determined elderly ladies from this party had climbed down these dangerous rocks in an attempt to take his photograph, mistaking him, no doubt, for a colourful rock-hopping local, but he was not keen on being immortalized in this fashion, and managed to thwart them, (rather ungallantly I thought), by keeping large rocks between himself and their lenses. While all this was going on 1 dis- covered a marvellous piece of branched coral embedded as a white crystalline fossil, hand sized with fingers extended in a huge boulder. We watched a large dog stoat working in agile fashion along this rugged shoreline, but were not for- tunate enough to see any pine martens during our stay. Several locals to whom I spoke had seen them within the past few years. Indeed apart from a few Irish hares, we saw no other wild animals on the Burren. The sun came out at mid-day, and I seized this opportunity for photographing Fanore Strand, where, in a fault in the flat rocks I chanced upon a ringed plover’s nest, which was just a shallow sandy hollow, decorated with small bleached snail shells, containing three chipping eggs and a newly hatched grey chick, with the parent bird watching anxiously near by, I took a hasty picture and left. While I had been so engaged my friend had been inspecting the main purpuralis colony for a last check to see whether the species had started emerging, but when I rejoined him, he had not seen any. So we left for the flowers on Mount Gleninagh, which I also wished to photo- graph before the sun disappeared. As we passed Slieve Elva, I noted five black birds flying about a cleft near the top, which at that distance looked like the nearest thing yet to a chough, so we stopped to climb up to what I hoped would be a nest site, but before getting half way I realized the birds were ravens, and although we continued to climb in drizzle, we were unable to negotiate the cleft in saftey because of wet foot- holds so we made our way down. On the way down, we noted some mossy saxifragae larvae in a locality some miles from Moheramoylan, and we concluded from this that it is a wide- spread species on the Burren, and could quite easily have been transferred on plants removed from here to the gardens of Dublin. We noted that a plant of a different species of saxifrage, gathered in haste in mistake for the correct food plant, to take home with us, was readily accepted as an alternative, and we found that the larvae were particularly partial to the white flowers of both species. Not realizing two species of saxifrage grew in the area we had no chance of checking whether this plume feeds on both in the wild, but in the confinement of a garden, with closely allied plants perhaps at hand, one could well imagine it doing so. Returning to our hotel early, we did some packing, and after dinner, I visited the impressive Cliffs of Moher where I hoped I might see the elusive chough, but apart from a colony 50 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 84 15/11/72 of kittywakes I saw nothing. I left for Doolin Strand to check how bad the wind was, and in doing so saw perhaps the best new bird of the holiday, when at around 9 a.m. two small flights of rock doves followed each another past me and swept low out to sea, heading in the direction of the cliffs I had just visited, where I guessed they roosted at night. Though the wind was very strong, I believed it would be possible to have one last attempt at caesia that night, and reported this to R. on my return, so dusk saw us again at Doolin where we ran four m.vs. until 12.30 a.m. getting one more caesia for our trouble from the few moths which came in, bringing our total for the holiday to sixteen. This was not enough to give a series each, but we felt this was only because of bad luck with the weather. In any case we had an excuse, if one were needed, to return again another year to this attractive area, to tie up the loose ends of this and other species we failed to get to grips with. After only a few hous sleep, we were up again at 5 a.m. leaving for Dublin an hour later and arriving at the airport in good time to hand back the car and board the 11.30 aircraft for Bristol, where we found the Easter holiday traffic bumper to bumper on the roads, a sharp contrast with the empty roads we had just left behind. We had observed, however, that even in a remote place like the Burren, the wind of change was blowing; an area of several acres of freshly bulldozed ground at its centre showed where another section of typical Burren had succembed to the interests of better farming. On amore ominous note, perhaps, were dead roadside verges (in only a few places, admittedly for the moment) where weed killing sprays had obviously been used; a dangerous game to play with such a unique landscape. St. Chistopher, West Tisted, Alresford, Hants. Correction In the article on Maniola jurtina L. A Breeding Experiment (Ent Record 83: 333) the penultimate paragraph on p. 335 should read :— ‘“‘All these pupae hatched towards the end of June and all produced female butterflies, about one quarter of which were excessa forms in varying degrees. There were no males and no sign of ab. atrescens. The two larvae that failed to pupate at the same time as the rest of the brood eventually died. In desperation I tried to get a mating with the last two females to emerge, using wild males, but I was unsuccessful, as no ob- served pairing took place although the conditions were exactly the same as for the previous summer.” NOMENCLATURAL CORRECTIONS Bi Nomenclatural Corrections By V. C. Kapoor. (Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, India.) There is a wide confusion regarding the usage of the species Heliothis armigera (Hubner), and Heliothis obsoleta (Fabricius). Some consider that these two names belong to the same taxon. In 1968 (Anonymous, Crop Protection Courier, Vol. 8, “Bayer’’) Heliothis armigera and Heliothis zea Boddie were considered as synonyms of Heliothis obsoleta. Hardwick (1965, Mem. Ent. Society, Canada, 40: 9) erected the new genus Helicoverpa for the type species Noctua armigera Hibner. Recently (1970, Mem. Ent. Society, Canada, 73: 59) he treated obsoleta Fabricius and wmbrosa Grote as synonyms of zea Boddie under Helicoverpa. He differentiated Helicoverpa from Heliothis by the possession of multi-coiled vesica in the male genitalia and an alternately dilated and constricted appendix bursae in the female genitalia of the former. So the present existing names of the two species should be Helicoverpa armigera Hiibner and Helicoverpa zea Boddie (=obsoleta Fabricius). The Nomenclatural Status of Cotton Jassid, Amrasca devastans (Distant) By V. C. Kapoor, and A. S. SOHI Department of Zoology-Entomology, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, India. Ghauri (1967) transferred the Indian Cotton jassid, Empoasca devastans Distant 1918, to his newly proposed genus Amrasca. Later Dworakowska (1970) proposed a new genus Sundapteryx for the type species Chlorita biguttula Ishida, 1913. She has also synonymised Empoasca devastans Distant with Sundapteryx biguttpla biguttula (Ishida), 1913, without mentioning Ghauri’s new combination. When a new genus Amrasca has already been accepted widely and Empoasca devastans has many common characters enough to put it in Amrasca, there is full justification that the cotton jassid should be placed in Amrasca. Since the biguttula biguttula has prio- rity over that of devastans, the correct name of the Indian Cotton jassid shoud be Amrasca biguttula biguttula (Ishda, 1913). References Dworakoswka, I., 1970. On some genera of Typhlocybini and Empoas- cini (Auchenorrhyncha, Cicadellidae, Typhlocybinae). Bull. Pol. Sci. biol. sci. ser., 18(11): 707-716. Ghauri, M. S. K., 1967. New mango leafhoppers from the Oriental and Austra-Oriental regions (Homoptera: Cicadellidae). Proc. R. ent. Soc. Lond. (B), 36(11-12): 159-166. 52 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 84 To/Ty/7z2 Notes on the Discovery of the Larva and Pupa in Britain of Gortyna borelii Pierret : Fisher’s Estuarine Moth By J. M. Caatmers-Hunt Mr J. B. Fisher was the first to find this species in Britain, when he took a single specimen in an m.v.l. trap in September 1968, and in 1970 had the good fortune to take two more ex- amples at light. It was not until 1971, however, that a record of these captures was published (Fisher, 1971; Jacobs, 1971). Kirby (1903) gives Peucedanum officinale L.: Sea Hog’s Fennel as the foodplant of borelii on the continent. This is an erect perennial umbelliferous plant with a very stout and woody root. It occurs as a native in Britain, but is restricted to a few localities only. Mr Fisher kindy showed me a station where P. officinale is locally numerous, and in early August 1971 I visited the locality twice, and from the start soon found signs of larval feeding. The larva feeds in the base of the stem and solid root, some- times boring down into the latter to a depth of nearly a foot. It ejects piles of coarse pale-straw frass, which forms in a heap on the surface of the soil around the foot of the plant. Affected plants showed distinct signs of wilt, and some appeared mori- bund or actually dead from having been killed by the ravages of the larva. Judging from the numbers of affected plants seen, borelii appeared to be quite plentiful at this locality. A single pupa was found situated head upwards in the rhizome. It had no cocoon, nor was there any apparent sign of silk covering. In order to avoid the risk of any appreciable reduction in the strength of the colony, I decided to collect only five larvae and the one pupa already mentioned, and owing to the relative scarcity of P. officinale in Britain, to select only from dead or dying plants. The roots containing the larvae I placed in cylindrical cages and partly covered them with soil. I later offered one larva a root of garden carrot. It fed well on this and indeed seemed to relish it. In September six moths emerged. The first appeared on the 7th and the rest as follows: —17th 18th 25th (2), and 27th. Apart from one which was crippled, their wing expanse ranged from 48-57 mm. I am indebted to Mr G. M. Haggett for the following abridged description of one of my larvae when in its final instar on August 5th: — Length 50 mm. Body cylindrical, smooth, dully shining skin, ground colour waxy cream, heavily suffused smoky purplish along the dorsum, with heavily chitinised black lateral warts and weaker black dorsal warts. Spiracles black. Head ginger- red, prothoracic plate ginger-brown marked with black at each NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS 05 side, anal plate black and heavily chitinised, a belt of black chitin on the preceding ring. True legs black, prolegs cream with a weak dark bar above. References Fisher, J. B. 1971. Gortyna borelii Pierret (ssp. lunata Freyer?): a new British moth. Ent Rec., 83: 51-52. Jacobs, S. N. A. 1971. Exhibit of coloured print of photograph by J. B. Fisher of Gortyna borelii Pierret. Proc. Brit. Ent. Nat. Hist. Soc., 1971: 31. Kirby, W. F. 1903. The Butterflies and Moths of Europe. Notes and Observations INFURCITINEA ARGENTIMACULELLA STAINTON (Lep. Tineidae) IN SURREY.—On the 23rd of August 1971, I was in the vicinity of Aibury, near St. Martha’s Hill, Guildford, when along the edge of a road I noticed cavities and overhangs of sandstone about which were growths of lichen. These aroused my at- tention, and, having become well acquainted over the years with the particular habitat of I. argentimaculella, I decided that they were worth my inspection. After a while, and in several places, I found almost certain evidence that the moth is established in the area. The imago itself was not present, it being a July insect, but the thin silken tubes were pretty clear on the surface of the lichen. I know of nothing else that produces these tubes. I. argentimaculella has been recorded from Surrey in the past, and probably exists in other suitable localities in the area. I hope to confirm its presence by finding the moth this year. This species is probably much more widespread in the country, but is overlooked because of its secluded habits.—E. S. BRADFORD, 38 Oakwood Avenue, Boreham Wood, Herts. 50x LO7d.. NEPTICULA MYRTILLELLA STAINTON (LEP. NEPTICULIDAE).— Lieut. Col. Emmet in his notes on the Nepticulidae (Ent. Rec., 83: 302 and 303) omitted to give Cornwall as a locality for this species. I have found vacated mines at Hensbarrow Downs, near St Austell at odd times between August and October both in 1969 and in 1970. The mines are nearly always in a lower leaf of a stalk of Vaccinium (bilberry), and they are usually characterised by the purplish colouring of the leaf which he describes. I suggest that this may be a new county record. From several tenanted mines which I gathered in the autumn of 1970, I succeeded in reading only one moth, which emerged in May 1971.—J. L. Grecory, 17 Grove Road St Austell, Cornwall. 3.xii.1971. 54 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 84 15/11/72 THE 1971 SEASON IN SUFFOLK.—Your note (83: 252) caught my attention. I have missed not having many observations to read recently. From my experience his year, I should say that the season has been so bad that there has been little to write _ about, and several collectors have given me the same informa- tion. I have had larger numbers of moths in my trap (M.V.) run here this year than ever before, but the rarer species have been almost completely absent. Last year, I took some quite interesting species such as chamolillae, alni, festucae, porcellus, leporina, cuculla, flammea, corticea, leucostigma, dissoluta, compta, gemini- puncta (1) possibly a new record for Suffolk, helvola and subtusa. But this year the only species of note were obsoleta (1), possibly new to west Suffolk, cuculla (1), porcellus, and dis- similis. There were no signs of ophiogramma or autumnaria, quite numerous in 1969. However, I took one moth this year which, after forty years of collecting, I simply cannot identify. If I do eventually find it to be something of real interest I will send the information. In conclusion, over the years I have collected a great number of spare specimens which I would be very pleased to dispose of. Some are moderately rare and most are in good condition. I would gladly give them away, also some collectors could offer me some specimens in exchange. There are quite a number of fairly common species found in Surrey, Sussex, Hants, etc., which I have never been able to obtain. One species in particular of which I have taken two specimens is agathina. I would also very much like to receive a few specimens of praecox, nubeculosa, cannae, sponsa, promissa, coracina, limacodes, asella, irrorella and rubricollis among other species T have never taken any of these myself.—Rev. Guy A. Forp, The Rookery Farmhouse, Norton, Bury St. Edmonds, Suffolk. 6.xi.1971. GONOPTERYX RHAMNI L.: AN EARLY SIGHTING.—On Boxing day, 27th December 1971, I observed a male G. rhamni flying in my back garden. This is the first time I have seen rhamni flying in December, and no doubt its appearance was due to the mild weather conditions prevailing at the time. — M. R. Loncpon, 158 Ravensbourne Avenue, Shortlands, Bromley, Kent. 10.1.1972. ABUNDANCE OF YPONOMEUTA PADELLA L. (LEP. YPONOMEU- TIDAE): In May 1971, it was brought to my notice by Mr P. Goddard, who was then on holiday in Cornwall that there was a plague of Yponomeuta larvae at Polruan, so a few days later I went to investigate. A local resident informed me that the caterpillars were just above the “Washing Rock” where there OBITUARY 5a was a large area covered mainly by low, scrubby blackthorn bushes. On arrival there I noted that perhaps about a quarter of an acre of these blackthorns had been completely defoliated and were covered by the characteristic silken webs of the caterpillars, even the odd grass tufts and the wild cabbage plants were shrouded with the web, giving the whole area a frosted appearance when seen from a distance. The black- spotted grey larvae were literally swarming everywhere in a vain search for more food, all the available supply having been consumed with the exception of a few very small bushes at the edge of the area, on which grossly overcrowded larvae were busily feeding. Walking down the steep path which leads to the rocks one was forced to trample on the swarming hungry caterpillars. A similar phenomenon occurred above Whitsands Bay in the summer of 1965, but on that occasion I was a little too late in the season to see the larvae. This year the species has been unusually common on blackthorns in other localities along the south Cornish coast, several single “‘nests” of larvae having been found near to Polruan, at Chapel Point, and Gorranhaven, also a number of others around Portscatho. But none of these single nests did much more than defoliate an odd branch or two of the blackthorn. It is a mystery why so many moths of this species should choose to lay their eggs in one small area in one year and to ignore it in another, when there is an abundance of available food supply in the vicinity.—Joun L. Grecory, 17 Grove Rd., St Austell, Cornwall, 30,x.1971. Obituary CHRISTOPHER GUY FARWELL On the Sth April 1971 Christopher Guy Farwell (affection- ately known as ‘‘Pop’’) died at the age of 85. Pop started collecting at a very early age. On moving to London where he worked for 17 years he became interested in foreign lepidoptera and became quite an authority building an interesting and varied collection. In 1919 he married and moved to Brockenhurst. At that time he had the opportunity of breeding and collecting under very different conditions than the New Forrest of the present day. As his son, lan grew up showing the same interests breeding and collecting continued on a larger scale but always with the accent on conservation. During the depression of the thirties he was forced to sell his foreign collection and although this must have been a terrible blow he continued helping and encouraging his son and other entomologists particularly of the younger gener- ation. During the 1939-45 war he had the New Forest almost to 56 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 84 15/11/72 himself acquiring some fine camilla and paphia abberations. the latter now being in our collection. After the war he started a local group of entomologists who met regularly for discus- sions. It was in 1945 that we first met Pop and my most vivid memory is of Pop mounted on his faithful bicycle which he propelled at high and often dangerous speed through the rutted Forest tracks of those days, with net at the ready. Some- how he never fell off as far as I know! A regular visitor to the Annual Exhibition he retained his. love of butterflies to the end. Only a few hours before his. death he was agreeably surprised by a colour enlargement of a valezina. Pop was also a good field naturalist his secondary interest being ornithology. He was a likeable man with a keen sense of humour. He is survived by his son (also an entomologist and ornith- ologist) and daughter, to whom we extend our sympathy. We shall all miss him. R.W.W. 18.11.71. ALGERNON LEE RANSOME C.B., D.S.O., M.C., F.R.E.S. AN APPRECIATION In May 1969 Algernon Lee Ransome died at the age of 85. Following a distinguished military career during which he attained the rank of Major-General he retired to Braishfield where he resumed his early interest in British Lepidoptera, forming a fine collection of butterflies. A contemporary of the late S. G. Castle-Russell and K. W. Self he collected in areas where L. corridon was in profusion. Many fine aberrations were taken including a number of un- usual alba-caeca forms and one of the few extrema males in existence. We first met the General in the early 1950’s and during the next 17 years had many expeditions together usually after L. coridon. A delightful companion in the field he had consider- able energy for a man of his age and could keep going through a strenuous day’s collecting which was usually followed by a long drive home. The General spent many hours examining our collection and expressed a wish in 1962 that his collection should form part of ours. A Deed of Gift was executed but of course the collection remained at Braishfield during his lifetime. It is fitting that we also acquired the collection of the late K. W. Self so that the best aberrations taken by these two friends should remain together. We have lost a friend who was a gentleman in the truest sense of the word. R.W.W. 16.11.71. LEPIDOPTERA OF KENT (79) 6. Shoreham, larva beaten from oak, 1955, imago reared (R. G. Chatelain). Pinden, ¢ taken by E. J. Hare, October 1961 (de Worms, Lond. Nat., 1964: 32). 7. Westwell (Scott, 1950). 8. Wye Downs, two, November 3, 1938, det. L. B. Prout\(C. G. M. de Worms); November 6, 1954 (de Worms, Entomologist, 88: 62). West Studdal, scarce (E. & Y., 1949). Brook (Scott, 1950). Woolwich Wood, October 16, 1971, gen. det. (C.-H.). 11. Great Chart, larvae on maple, c. 1953, imagines reared; Hoads Wood, larvae on sloe (P. Cue). 12. Ham Street, 4 ¢¢, October 20, 1967, gen. det. D. O’Keeffe (D. O’Keeffe). 16. Folkestone, one (A. M. Morley). VARIATION.—Siggs’s Orpington specimen is strikingly aberrant, and appears to conform to ab. intermedia Heydem. First Notice, 1938: C. G M. de Worms. E. autumnata Borkhausen: Autumnal Moth. Resident, perhaps native. Woods, on birch. Note: Owing to the difficulty of checking genitalically much of the recorded material, there are relatively few records of confirmed Kentish occurrence, and unless so confirmed the following should be accepted conditionally. 1. Orpington, 1949 (L. W. Siggs, in de Worms, Lond. Nat., 1956: 87). 7. Westwell (Scott, 1964). Eastwell (P. Cue). 8. Dover.—Here dilutata is not common, ‘and its place seems to be taken by the more silky triangular-winged autumnaria” (Webb, Ent. Rec., 8: 11). Brook (Scott, 1964). 10. Westerham, larva, May 8, 1987 (Coote and Jacobs, Proc. S. Lond. ent. nat Hist. Soc., 1937-38: 37). Seal Chart (Fuller, Entomologist, 74: 70); I have a ¢ taken by J. L. Fuller, labelled “Seal Chart Oct./ 1941’, gen. det. (C.-H.); several worn examples, October 29, 1963, gen. det.; fresh examples, October 11, 1965, gen. det.; larvae beaten from birch, May 20, 1965, from which a single example was bred, gen. det. (C.-H.). 11. Sevenoaks Weald, October 11, 1959 (E. A. Sadler). Hoads Wood (P..€ue). 12. East Kent [Ham Street] (de Worms, Entomologist, 72: 124). Ashford Town, two (P. Cue teste C. G. M. de Worms in litt., 15.xi.1961). Orlestone Woods, 2 ¢d, taken October 20, 1967, by D. O’Keeffe, gen. det. D.O’K. (C.-H. coll.). 14. Sandhurst, one bred October 21, 1945, by G. V. Bull from a larva, is a fine ab., gen. det. (C.-H. coll.). VARIATION.—The Sandhurst specimen is a large silvery white ¢ with very distinct markings. First RECORD, 1896: Webb, Ent. Rec., 8: 11. Operophtera brumaia L.: Winter Moth. Native. Woods, hedgerows, orchards, gardens, etc.; on oak, hawthorn, birch, apple, elm, cherry, dog-rose, lime, sloe, sallow, hazel, maple, bilberry, aspen, sycamore, cob-nut, currant, gooseberry (fruit and foliage). In all divisions, and probably present throughout the county wherever there are deciduous trees and shrubs. “Generally far too abundant” (V.C.H., 1908). (80) ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 84 15/11/72 The larva has perhaps occurred most often in Kent on the first thirteen of the above-mentioned foodplants, and there are numerous records of its having been found on these. Regarding the others, D. R. M. Long has taken the larva at Bromley on aspen, sycamore and currant; and Theobald (Jnl. S.E. Agric. Coll. Wye, 1910 (19), 97) records the larva at Stone-in-Oxney on cob-nut bushes, and at Rodmersham, where “they attacked the young gooseberries as well as the leaves of the bushes”. The imago is usually well out by about the third week of November, and then continues throughout December and into January. In 1862, Fenn (Diary) noted one at Lee as early as October 9, and I have a record that in 1939, I saw several still on the wing in East Blean on February 10—an unusually late occurrence (C.-H.). In 1952, R. Cheesman took a $ brumata which was flying in Larkey Valley Wood (div. 8) on July 6—a most extraordinary date—and showed me the specimen (C.-H.). One suspects that in nature many species occasionally lie over in the pupal stage for more than one year, but to get positive evidence of this is of course extremely difficult. However, we do know of one such case with brumata where, though there is no actual proof of lying over, the circumstances are such as to appear fairly conclusive. In December 1945, Massee (Rpt. E. Malling Res. Stn., 1946: 127) noticed that very few 2 QO were seen in a cherry orchard at East Malling which was partially defoliated by larvae earlier in the year. He adds that in December 1946, the moths were very prevalent at this locality though the previous spring the larval attacks were negligible. Massee therefore concluded that in 1945, only some of the moths emerged in November and December, and that in that particular season many remained in pupa throughout the winter and did not produce moths until the autumn of 1946. - In the past, the species has sometimes appeared in such vast swarms in Kent as to reach pest proportions, the damage resulting being par- ticularly noticeable in orchards. In 1909, Wakely reported that the oaks at Tunbridge Wells and Goudhurst were ‘“despoiled of their foliage’; and on June 2 the same year, N. T. Hillier complained that at Horsmonden, “the fruit crop is doomed for this season ... many trees having barely a leaf on them” (teste Theobald, loc. cit.). In 1907, according to Murdoch (in Theobald, Jnl. S. E. Agric. Coll. Wye, 1908 (17), 101), many grease bands on fruit trees at Linton contained 100 9° brumata; and at Rod- mersham, Mercer (in Theobald, loc. cit.) said that “some three hundred were found on one band”. So abundant, indeed, was the species in 1907, and so severe were the effects of the attacks of the larvae, that in the Sittingbourne and Faversham fruit districts, the “trees looked in sum- mer as if it were in winter”. According to Colthrup (Ent. Rec., 30: 73), 1917 was another bad year for the fruit growers, larvae of brumata doing an immense amount of damage to apple trees that year, with large acreages in both east and west Kent practically devoid of foliage. g brumata has been found in cop with 92 O. fagata and vice versa (see under O. fagata). VARIATION.—A. M. Massee told me he took eleven gynandromorphs at Old Quarry, Burbridge Cherry Orchard, East Malling, c. 1940 (C.-H.). Newman (Proc. S. Lond. ent. nat. Hist. Soc., 1907-08: 88) recorded “black aberrations’ from North Kent; and I have two ab. hueni Prout from West Wickham, 1947, among a lot of normal specimens from there €C.-H.). LEPIDOPTERA OF KENT (81) The following are in RCK: ab. hueni Prout, one, Bexley, 1905, one, Herne Bay, 1933. A gynandromorph right side ¢ labelled “E. Malling Research Station. Caught on the sticky band of a fruit tree 8.xi.1943 A. M. Massee”’. FIRST (PUBLISHED) RECORD, 1863: Jenner, Week. Ent., 2: 198. Though doubtless first noticed in the county long before. O. fagata Scharfenberg: boreata Hubner: Northern Winter Moth. Native. Woods, commons, heaths, orchards; on birch, apple, plum, cherry. Found in all divisions except 7, 16 (probably present in both), 15. “Common” (V.C.H., 1908). It appears the species chiefly occurs on birch, and at West Wickham, both Wormald (Ent. Ann., 1869: 140), and Allchin (Ent. week. Int., 8: 4) record taking it on this. In orchards at East Malling, the larva is recorded as having been found on apple and plum (Massee, Rpt. E. Malling Res. Stn., 1955: 143). The species is occasionally found in great plenty; thus, Tutt (Ent. Rec., 921: 139) recorded that on May 30, 1909, between Orpington and Chisle- hurst, the larvae were in “almost incredible’ numbers. Fenn. (Diary) states that at Petts Wood on November 12, 1887, the imagines were so numerous on the birches that he could have taken 1000 jd had he so wished, but that the 2 9 appeared very scarce. Fenn (Diary) noted a © fagata in cop., with a ¢ O. brumata at Petts Wood, November 12, 1887. The same observer (Ent. Rec., 1: 46) records furthermore, that he had often found Q fagata in cop. with ¢ brumata and vice versa, and added that the “progeny are not to be distinguished from brumata”’. VARIATION.—The following abs. are in RCK: ab. isaaki Isaak, Bickley, Nov. 1922, W. Rait-Smith; ab. fasciata Peterson, one, Pauls Cray, 1889; ab. fasciata Peterson “on dark ground”, one, West Wickham, 1887; also, an ab. with “dark ground’, one, West Wickham. FIRST RECORD, 1858: West Wickham (Stainton, Man., 2: 76). Perizoma affinitatum Stephens: Rivulet. Native. Woods, copses, lanesides; on Melandrium rubrum. The July-August specimens may represent a partial second genera- tion; on the other hand I have not examined any such examples, and the species is sometimes confused with P. alchemillata L. 1. West Wickham, worn 9, May 14, 1860 (H. Tompkins, Diary, as “alchemillaria’”). Abbey Wood (V.C.H., 1908). Bostall Heath (C. Fenn, in Wool. Surv., 1909), may refer to the preceding (C.-H.). Eltham (A. H. Jones, in Wool. Surv., 1909). 3. Bysing Wood, common 1913-14 and 1924-27; Wardwell Wood, common 1920-22 (H. C. Huggins). Bullockstone, two, May 26, 1922 (H. G. Gomm). Clangate Wood, Sturry, May 28 (2), June 1 (2), 2 (3), 3 (3), 1932 (W. E. Busbridge, Diary). Sturry district—of regular occurrence but never plentiful in my experience in lanes at Broad Oak and in neighbouring woodlands, e.g., Den Grove, E. Blean, W. Blean, and Kemberland (C.-H.). 4. Deal*, one worn, August 3, 1891 (Fenn, Ent. Rec., 2: 204). Ickham, one, c. 1956 (D. G. Marsh). 6a. Darenth, one in Meldola coll. (Woodforde, Entomologist, 54: 288). Near Upnor; Chattenden Roughs. Uncommon (Chaney, 1884-87). Chatten- den, one taken by J. Ovenden, 1883, in Tutt coll. (Tutt, Young Nat., 11: (82) ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 84 15/ti/ 7S SHE 7. Boxley, 1953 (A. H. Harbottle). 8. Lady Wood (Knaggs, 1870). Folkestone, 1882 (Salwey, Entomologist.. 15: 197). Reinden Wood, fairly common (Morley, 1931). Coombe Wood, May 29 (1), June 3 (1), 19 (1), 1895, June 6 (3), 15 (1), 1896, June 6, 1897 (1); Poulton, June 15, 1905; Kearsney, one very worn, June 10, 1932 (Stockwell, Diary). Haddling Wood, one, May 24, 1936 (Busbridge, Diary). Ewell Minnis; River; Whitfield (E. & Y., 1949). Dover, one, July 14, 1945, rather worn (B. O. C. Gardiner). Wye Downs (Scott, 1936). Brabourne, larva on M. rubrum (P. Cue). 11. Yalding (V.C.H., 1908). Grove Green, Maidstone, one, 1893, H- Elgar, in Maidstone Mus. (C.-H.). Wateringbury, several in E. Goodwin coll. (C.-H.); (V.C.H., 1908). Aylesford, three, 1953, two, 1954 (G. A. N. Davis)+ 12. Chartham, one, June 16, 1951 (P. B. Wacher). Willesborough, in garden, c. 1953 (P. Cue); one, May 1957 (M. Singleton). West Ashford, May 12 (1), 16 (3), 17 (1 at light), 1960, May 20, 1961 (6) (M. Enfield, M. Singleton and D. Youngs). East Ashford, one in a small wood near the bypass, May 16, 1961 (D. Youngs). Hothfield Common, June 2, 1969 (de Worms, Entomologist, 102: 135). 13. Tunbridge Wells (E. D. Morgan); 1956, 1957, 1958, occasional (L. R- Tesch per C. A. Stace). 14. Tenterden, common (Stainton, Man., 2: 80); 1960 (C. G. Orpin). Sandhurst, one, May 27, 1940, one, 1945 (G. V. Bull). VARIATION.—Woodforde (loc. cit.) states that the Darenth example is referable to ab. turbaria St.; and Tutt (loc. cit.) remarked that his speci- men which Ovenden took at Chattenden has “the ground colour reddish- brown”. First REcorp, 1858: Stainton, Man., 2: 80. P. alchemillata L.: Small Rivulet. Native. Woods; on Galeopsis tetrahit agg. 1. Bostall Heath, one, August 4, 1865 (Fenn, Diary). West Wickham; Dartford* (V.C.H., 1908). Eltham, rare (A. H. Jones, in Buckell and Prout, Trans. Cy. Lond. ent. nat. Hist. Soc., 1900: 68). Chislehurst, one, July 17, 1908, one, July 9, 1924 (S. F. P. Blyth). Orpington, two, 1949 (L. W. Siggs); one, 1961 (F. A. Swain). St Mary Cray, about ten, 1957 (R. G. Chatelain). Bromley, 1961 (2), 1962 (1), 1963 (1), 1964 (3), 1865 (3), (D. R. M. Long). 3. Thornden Wood, July 29, 1865 (Fenn, Diary). Little Hall Wood, one, July 5, 1944 (C.-H.). Blean Woods, one (D. G. Marsh). 4. Ickham, one, 1954 (D. G. Marsh)y. Sandwich Bay, July 24, 1967 (T. W. Harman). 5. Chevening, July 21, 28, 1914 (Gillett, Diary). Halstead (R. E. Framp- ton per S. Wakely). Knockholt (L. T. Ford). Westerham, fairly common, 1935, 1937, 1949 (R. C. Edwards). Andrews Wood, Shoreham, eight, July 15, 1956, several July 5, 1957 (C.-H.). 6. Greenhithe (Farn MS.). Pinden, one, 1949 (E. J. Hare). Eynsford, larvae on G. tetrahit agg., September 14, 1952 (Cox, Proc. S. Lond. ent. nat. Hist. Soc., 1952-53: 87). Wrotham, one, July 20, 1965 (T. Peet). 7. Wigmore Wood (Chaney, 1884-87). Hollingbourne, larva (H. C. Huggins). Westwell (Scott, 1936); one, August 9, 1955 (C.-H.); two, 1960 Entomological Specimens LEPIDOPTERA — COLEOPTERA — MISCELLANEOUS INSECTS OF THE FINEST QUALITY WITH DATA 20 page Illustrated Catalogue, 20p R. N. 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BRETHERTON, JOHN COUTSIS, L. G. HIGGINS and C. G. M. de WORMS . i Clossiana selene (Schiff.): Second Brood. A. S. WHEELER . Two Collecting Trips in Europe during 1971. (1) Greece: Delphi and the Peloponnese, May to June. C. G. M. de WORMS .. Eumenis semele (L.) thyone Thompson (Lep. Satyridae) A Micro- geographical Race. R. L. H. DENNIS : The Burren, May 1971. E. A. SADLER . Correction (Ent. Record, 83: 333) C. G. LIPSCOMB .. , Nomenclatural Corrections. V. C. KAPOOR .. The Nomenclatural Status of Cotton Jassid, Amrasca devastans (Distant). V.C. Kapoor and A. S. SOHI Notes on the discovery of the Larva and Pupa in Britain of Gortyna borelii Pierret: Fisher’s Estuarine Moth. J. M. CHALMERS- HUNT Infurcitinea argentimaculella Stainton (Lep. Tineidae) in Surrey. E. S. BRADFORD Nepticula myrtillella Statinton (Lep. Nepticulidae) J. L. GREGORY The 1971 Season in Suffolk. GUY A. FORD Gonopteryx rhamni L. An Early Sighting: M. R. LONGDON Abundance of Yponomeuta padella L. (Lep. Yponomeutidae) J. L. GREGORY ay Mt oy ie ie Obituary Notices: Christopher Guy Farwell j Algernon Lee Ransome, C.B., D.S. O., M. C., F R. E. Ss. 23 32 33 38 44 50 51 51 52 53 53 54 54 54 55 56 Supplement: Lepidoptera of Kent. J. M. CHALMERS-HUNT (79)-(82) EEE I SET PET SI POLS ITE T. BUNCLE AND CO. LTD., ARBROATH, ANGUS, SCOTLAND 3 March 1972 THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD AND JOURNAL OF VARIATION Edited by S. N. A. JACOBS, F.R.E.s. with the assistance of A. A. ALLEN, B.S.C., A.R.C.S. C. A. COLLINGWOOD, 8.SC., F.R.E.S. NEVILLE BIRKETT, M.A., M.B. H. C. HuGGINs, F.R.E.S. _ J. M. CHaLMERS-Hunrt, F.R.E.S. S. WAKELY Major A. E. CoLLigER, M.C., F.R.E.S. Commander G. W. Harper, R.N. (Retd.), F.R.E.s. Lieut. Col. A. M. EMMET, M.B.E., T.D., F.R.E.S. H. B. D. KETTLEWELL, M.A., M.B., B.CHIR., F.R.C.P., L.R.C.P., F.R.E.S. ANNUAL SUBSCRIPTION FOR THIS VOLUME No. 84 £3.00 Post free, for payment in sterling. £3.25 if payment is made in Foreign Currency Is now due and should be paid to Hon. Treasurer: Mrs M. A. REDGRAVE, 2 Connaught Way, Tunbridge Wells, Kent ISHED MONTHLY PRICE 30p a THE FRESHWATER “LIFE OF THE BRITISH ISLES By John Clegg £2.25 ISBN 7232 0005 X This third edition of the standard reference book on the plants and invertebrate animals of ponds, lakes, streams and rivers is intended both for the serious student and the general reader. Among the subjects dealt with are the physical and chemical conditions of life in freshwater, the inter-relations of the rich variety of plants and animals and the impact of freshwater biology on mankind. The greater part of the book, however, is devoted to a systematic account of the groups of aquatic plants and invertebrate animals. Two chapters are devoted entirely to insects, and there is a useful chapter on the collection and examination of various specimens. The illustrations, comprising 16 plates in full colour, 51 half-tone plates and 95 text drawings, depict most of the groups of organisms described, as well as many individual species. WARNE 40 Beaford Square, London WC1B 3HE Sap Hts a eg OP 57 The Butterflies of the Isle of Wight By T. D. FEARNEHOUGH In 1909 Frank Morey completed his comprehensive work “‘A Guide to the Natural History of the Isle of Wight” in which the lepidoptera were catalogued by H. F. Poole. He made refer- ences to previously published lists: ‘The Victoria History of the Counties of England—Hampshire” (1900); Venable’s “Isle of Wight” (1860); and Dr Martin’s ‘Undercliff of the Isle of Wight” (1849). William Fassnidge compiled a “List of the Macrolepidoptera of Hampshire and the Isle of Wight” which was published in the Entomologist’s Record (1923-1925). Since 1925 no list of the butterflies or moths has been published, although a supplement to Morey’s Guide appeared in 1928 (Proc. Isle of Wight Nat. Hist Soc.). The present paper is intended to give an account of the current position of the species of butterflies found on the Island, with some reference to variation, and some comparison with bygone times. During the past twenty years numerous collectors have visited the Island, but in most cases such visits were made for the purpose of acquiring specimens of newly discovered lepi- doptera such as Sedina buttneri and Lithopane leutieri, or of older established local species such as Melitaea cinzia. Thus small areas of the Island have been intensively worked, whilst other areas have received little or no attention from collectors. There may then be localities harbouring interesting species so far overlooked. The character of the Island is steadily changing. Agricul- tural land is being rapidly eaten into by building developments; roads and lanes are being widened and straightened to accom- modate more traffic, bigger touring coaches and heavier lorries; downland is being ploughed up for the growing of barley; and deciduous woodland is being felled and replaced in some cases by conifer plantings. Great damage has been done to insect life in recent years by the extensive use of chemical sprays. Woodlands have been sprayed to kill all undergrowth; lane verges have been treated with hormone weed killers; agricul- tural land has been similarly treated, sometimes by use of aircraft, and even the banks of streams have not been spared. The detailed geology of the Island is very complex but for the purpose of the present paper the Island can be con- veniently divided into three areas, (1) The northern part of the Island; consisting of oligo- cene and eocene formations, In this area there is much heavy clay soil. There are extensive woods such as Parkhurst Forest, Firestone Copse and Comb- ley Great Wood. (2) The southern part of the Island; consisting largely of upper greensand, gault, lower greensand and wealdon. The soil is generally lighter than that of the northern part and the area is sparsely wooded. 08 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 84 15/11/72 (3) The Chalk. This forms a narrow range of downs running right across the Island and separating the other two areas. In West Wight the chalk meets the sea at Tennyson Cliffs and in East Wight meets the sea at Culver Cliffs. There is a small isolated area of Chalk in the southern part of the Island, adjacent to Ventnor, forming St Boniface and Rew downs. SATYRIDAE Pararge aegeria Linn. (Speckled Wood) The status of this butterfly has not changed much over the years, for Morey’s statement (1908) ‘“‘Common in woods and lanes” still applies. It may be seen on the wing at any time from early April to mid October during which period there are several emergences. Although specimens may be encountered almost anywhere, there are localities which the insect particu- larly favours. These include; Parkhurst Forest, Firestone Copse, Alverstone, Bonchurch Landslip, Bouldnor, and along the southern base of the chalk. No variation, other than normal seasonal variation, has been recorded. Pararge megaera Linn. (Wall Brown) This species is widespread but does not occur anywhere in abundance. The area of its greatest strength is along the range of chalk downs, where it flies in May and again in August. An occasional specimen has been seen in October. On the chalk, specimens having atendency to extra spotting below the forewing eyespot have several times been noted. Maniola jurtina Linn. (Meadow Brown) The Meadow Brown is generally common and might be encountered anywhere on the Island. However there are areas of concentration, mostly on the lower slopes of chalk downs. Some of the wider rides in the woodlands are also favoured. In these days of intensive farming there are not many pockets of land in the agricultural areas which are left undisturbed, and where jurtina might build up colonies of large numbers. The normal flight period is from mid June to late August, but in one locality on the chalk, a distinct second brood occurs in late September and October. The specimens tend to be small and have other interesting features. This occurrence was the subject of papers by George Thomson (Ent. Rec., 83: 87) and R. L. H. Dennis (Ent. Rec., 83: 207). The variation of jurtina on the Island is extensive and somewhat localised. On one chalk down specimens occur from year to year having whitish areas replacing the tawny colour on the forewings. In another restricted locality there is a tendency for extra spots to be present on the forewings (ab. addenda). Partially bleached specimens occur but are not usually associated with any particular localities. Lobb recorded THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE ISLE OF WIGHT 59 the occurrence of bleached specimens in a locality in East Wight in most seasons. Maniola tithonus Linn. (Gatekeeper) The butterfly is widespread but occurs in strong colonies in a number of places including Parkhurst Forest, Firestone Copse, Brading, St Boniface Down, St George’s Down, High Down and Cranmore. In his 1923 list Fassnidge gives the note; “I.W. ab. albida and ab. minckii all shades of colour from white to type.” This note, contributed by E. Cornell of Ventnor possibly gives a false impression of numerous aberrations in the area. However, Cornell recorded (Entomologist, 53: 1920) the capture of a specimen of ab. albida on downs near Ventnor, 16th August 1920. Also, a fine example of ab. minckii was taken by J. Lobb on the same downs in 1961. Another specimen of this rare aberration was observed on St George’s Down by the writer in July 1968. A male tithonus captured in the Isle of Wight by L. W. Newman in 1936 was described as having pale yellowish-white ground colour. This was in the Stiff collection, and it was sold at auction in 1957 for £3. Extra spotted specimens are rather infrequent on the Island. Eumenis semele Linn. (Grayling) Both the heath form and the chalk form of this butterfly occur on the Island. Unfortunately the species has declined from a former condition of local abundance to one of scarcity in recent years. Colonies of the chalk form on Brading Down, Rew Down and Arreton Down have become extinct during the last ten years. However it still occurs in West Wight. The heath form occurs on Luccombe Down, St George’s Down, Bleak Down, Bouldnor Cliff and Parkhurst. On the heathy summit of St Boniface Down an aberration has occurred from time to time having the lower spot missing on the underside of the forewing. In this locality the formerly thriving colony has been reduced to a scattering of individuals. Melanargia galathea Linn. (Marbled White) This species occurs in numerous places and in all three geological areas of the Island. Sometimes, where small pieces of agricultural land are left undisturbed for some years, galathea builds up colonies of large numbers. Such a colony, many hundreds strong, was found in the corner of a meadow at Haven Street in 1964, but two years later the inevitable hap- pened and the plough brought about its destruction. A similar concentration occurred on a small area of ground at Cranmore in 1962, but there rapid growth of scrub ended the colony. The butterly is plentiful on the chalk in the more sheltered spots and is also plentiful along the wider rides of Parkhurst Forest. Other localities where it is to be seen in good numbers include: Brading Down, Rew Down, High Down, St George’s Down, 60 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 84 190, aZ Luccombe Landslip, Westover Down, Railway embankment near Ashey station and Hamstead. Variation is that normal for the species. In some colonies fresh specimens of strong yellow colour can be seen, but this colour seems to fade to cream rather quickly in the sunshine. The females vary greatly in the colour of the underside mark- ings. I have no record of any major aberration being taken on the Island. Aphantopus hyperantus Linn. (Ringlet) The Ringlet is another colony-forming species, but it is also widespread in small numbers and is not attached to any particu- lar geological area. It is plentiful in the rides of the larger woods such as Firestone Copse, Parkhurst Forest and Rowlands Wood. It was formerly common in Whitefield Wood near Ryde, but most of this wood has recently been felled. A very strong colony occupies an uncultivated meadow near St Law- rence. Here it has been closely observed for several years and the chief feature is the uniformity of the specimens, of which some hundreds have been examined. The well known underside aberrations with diminished spotting, ab. caeca and ab. arete, are remarkably scarce on the Island, but ab. caeca has been captured at Rowlands Wood and at Brading. I have no records of other major varieties. Coenonympha pamphilus Linn. (Small Heath) This butterfly is much less plentiful than it was in former years. It declined generally through the 1960s but happily there was evidence of a slight recovery in 1970 and further re- covery in 1971. It is distributed throughout all three geological areas. There seems to be very little variation among Island speci- mens and I have no record of any major aberration. NYMPHALIDAE Melitaea cinxia Linn. (Glanville Fritillary) When F. Poole wrote of this insect in 1909 (A Guide to the Natural History of the Isle of Wight) his tone was pessimistic. The butterfly had declined in numbers and was restricted to a few positions on the Undercliff. However, in 1923 Fassnidge could report (List of Macrolepidoptera of Hampshire and the Isle of Wight), “has increased considerably since 1909, many new localities have been formed and the old ones re- established.” The true home of this butterfly is the southern coastline of the Island where the conditions it requires arise through the rapid erosion of the coast by the sea. Cinzia requires an abundance of its foodplant Plantago lanceolata (Ribwort Plan- tain) scattered over an area of short vegetation. It usually chooses small stunted plants for the deposition of eggs. It is the rapid coast erosion which gives rise to slopes upon which such conditions obtain for a number of years. Further erosion THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE ISLE OF WIGHT 61 Class destroys these areas but also produces new ones. Thus cinzia survives by moving from place to place along the coast as con- ditions dictate. Records of cinxia colonies occurring away from the coast have been numerous over the years but many of them have resulted from artificial introduction. It has long been a prac- tice of collectors interested in cinxia to collect large numbers of wild larvae in the hope of rearing aberrations. In some cases the surplus typical specimens reared have been released in localities where cinxia did not naturally occur, and sometimes colonies have formed which, after thriving for a few years, declined and died out. There was a spate of this kind of activity in the years 1950-1960. One entomologist informed me that he had released about 1000 specimens in various localities on the Island. An article by R. W. Watson (Ent. Rec., 81: 18, 1969) is also relevant. In the period 1955-1963 colonies of cinxia were known at Cranmore, Cowes, Carisbrooke, Brading, Sandown, Ventnor, Steephill Cove, St Lawrence, Binnel Bay, Niton, Blackgang, Compton, Freshwater and Alum Bay. During the past four years, surveys made by the writer and A. H. Greenham have shown that of these only a few of the coastal colonies are now extant. Thus the present condition of cinxia is much as it was in 1909. No doubt cycles of scarcity and plenty will continue in future years. Aberrations of the butterfly are very rare in nature, but as a result of the rearing of countless thousands of larvae by col- lectors of the present and last centuries many fine aberrations exist in collections. In order to gain some idea of the range of aberration, a search of the sale catalogues of some great collec- tions has been made. A selections is given below. Collection Sold Description Price Hope 1942 Black-banded underside £2 4 0 Bright 1942 Female, rayed forewings tis 0 Bright 1942 Melanic forewings (2) 210 O Stiff 1943 Almost obsolete forewings 110 O Marcon 1947 Female ab. obsoleta, Ventnor1922 1 4 0O Marcon 1947 Horizontal fulvous bands, , forewings 15. 6 Marcon 1947 Melanic forewings, 1930 Or ae Marcon 1947 Female albino oe OC Marcon 1947 Female, figd. Frowhawk, Pl. 19 ie eee |) McLeod 1950 Female, tawny coloured underside 3 10 0O McLeod 1950 Female, melanic, 1931 Pere. 6 McLeod 1950 Female, obsolete underside 0.4570 McLeod 1950 Male, obsolete underside 1762: 0 McLeod 1950 Female, radiated underside At 7 Ay McLeod 1950 Male, radiated underside PAA Aas U McLeod 1950 Female, broad cream bands, underside Fear 'O Burton 1962 Female, ab. suffusa, 1929 3910 0 62 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 84 15/TII/72 Woollett 1965 Male, chocolate colour, Ventnor 1935 PViIQiep Euphydras aurinia Rott. (Marsh Fritillary) The only locality given in Morey’s “Guide” in 1909 was the western outskirts of Parkhurst Forest, although single speci- mens had been recorded at Gurnard and near Newport. Fass- nidge had nothing to add to this in 1923, but there was a record for Newtown (Proc. I.W. Natural History and Archeological Socy., 1922). In 1934 Frohawk (British Butterflies) stated “The form from Cowes, Isle of Wight, is almost similar to the Irish race.” The Cowes colony seems to have persisted for some years but no recent records are available. A very strong colony was found by Mr J. Wright in the Cranmore area in 1947. He observed this colony for a number of years and made the following records: 1947 abundant 1953 afew seen 1948 abundant 1954 afew seen 1949 fall in numbers 1955 none seen 1950 not common 1956 several specimens 1951 very few 1957 none seen 1952 none seen 1958 none seen Mr Wright left the area but the writer, with his direction, visited the locality every year, at the appropriate time, from 1962 to 1971, but no specimen of aurinia was found. It seems probable that aurinia is now extinct on the Island, but there is hope that it may return or that it may still exist in some unvisited locality. Argynnis euphrosne Linn. (Pearl-bordered Fritillary) In the early part of the century the butterfly was wide- spread and occurred in almost every wood on the Island. Today it is restricted to the area north of the chalk. Here it may be seen in most wooded areas including: Parkhurst Forest, Fire- stone Copse, Hamstead and Bouldnor. One former locality in the northern area, Whitefield Wood near Ryde, has recently been felled. A very beautiful melanic aberration (ab. edna Lobb) was captured by J. Lobb in Parkhurst Forest, 19 May 1952. It is now in the National Collection. (Ent. Rec., 65: 56, Plate 3). Argynnis selene Linn. (Small Pearl-bordered Fritillary) Less common than euphrosyne, this species also is restricted to the northern area. It occurs in Parkhurst Forest, but its area of greatest strength lies between Newtown and Yarmouth. In recent years the numbers have become greatly reduced due to the foodplant being smothered by growth of coarse grass and scrub, and also much of its ground has been planted with conifers. I have no record of any aberration. THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE ISLE OF WIGHT 63 Argynnis aglaia Linn. (Dark Green Fritillary) In the 1909 list this species was given as “local but not particularly common”’’, the localities mentioned being; Fresh- water, The Undercliff, Parkhurst, Haven Street, Ventnor, Luccombe and St. Boniface Down, but in 1923 Fassnidge has the note “very common on downs”’. From 1945 to about 1960 aglaia had strong colonies on Brading Down and St. Boniface Down but both colonies de- clined rapidly after the latter year. No aglaia has been re- corded on Brading Down since 1962, and very few have been seen on St. Boniface Down. A single specimen was seen on Rew Down in 1970. This decline is simply explained by the present scarcity of foodplant (Dog Violet) which used to be so abundant prior to 1960. The butterfly has been recorded from Cranmore by J. Wright in 1947 and it still occurs in numbers on the downs of West Wight. I have no records of aberrations. Argynnis cydippe Linn. (High Brown Fritillary) This species has always been a rarity on the Island. It may still occur in Parkhurst Forest but there are no recent records. It occurred sparingly at Hamstead in 1955 (J. Wright) and was recorded in West Wight in 1947 (Dr K. Blair). Argynnis paphia Linn. (Silver-washed Fritillary) It is found only in the woods of the northern area of the Island, the localities being; Rowlands Wood, Whippingham, Firestone Copse, Parkhurst Forest, Newtown and Hamstead. The butterfly appeared to be increasing in numbers from 1962 to 1969 but then declined rapidly to 1971. Var valezina has occurred frequently. In one locality in 1969 about half the total number of females were of this form. Vanessa cardui Linn. (Painted Lady) This migrant species is seen almost every year in greater or lesser numbers. It is sometimes recorded in the Spring as in 1966 when the writer saw five on Brading Down, 25th May, and 24 in the same locality 27th May. A large influx of cardui was recorded by J. Wright during late February and March in 1952. Both 1970 and 1971 were poor years for cardui, only widely scattered individual specimens being seen. Vanessa atalanta Linn. (Red Admiral) Another migrant which occurs every year in varied num- bers. The first specimens are usually seen in late May or early June. From the end of August and through the Autumn into November the butterfly comes to notice by its addiction to various flowers, especially Buddleia, Michaelmas Daisies, Sedum spectabilis, Dahlias and finally on overripe fruit of various kinds. 64 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 84 15/III/72 Nymphalis pelychloros Linn. (Large Tortoiseshell) Until recent years the Island was a stronghold of this rare butterfly. Morey’s “Guide” gave the localities; Parkhurst, Ventnor, Sandown, Brading, Shanklin and the Undercliff. The species was recorded at Ventnor in 1921 by E. Cornell. More recently it was noted in West Wight by Dr K. Blair in 1947, 1948, 1949 and 1950. Mr J. Wright has the following records for the Cranmore district; 14th August 1946, 5th May, 1947, Ist July 1947, and 29th February 1948. He also found a large batch of larvae on Wych Elm at Cranmore on 12th June 1947, and a small batch of larvae at Ningwood on 16th May 1948. Six specimens were recorded by Harris at Bem- bridge in August 1946. A specimen was seen in Parkhurst Forest by J. Lobb, 26th June 1955. The last record is of two specimens at Quarr in 1962. Nymphalis io Linn. (Peacock) This species may be encountered anywhere but has years of scarcity and years of plenty. Hibernated specimens are usually frequent along the southern coastline in Spring, but some of these may be migrants. Aglais urticae Linn. (Small Tortoiseshell) The butterfly is plentiful in most years and is double brooded, so there are three main flights; hibernated specimens in the spring months; first brood in July; second brood through the Autumn. The flowering plant most attractive to this species is Sedum spectabilis, flowering in late August and early September. In some years specimens of ab. polaris of greater or lesser degree are not uncommon. Polygonia c-album Linn. (Comma) Although never locally common the butterfly occurs throughout the Island. It is double brooded, appearing on the wing in July and again in the Autumn. The hibernated spring-flying specimens are not so evident. Second brood butterflies are attracted into gardens by Michaelmas daisies and Sedum in September, and by over-ripe fruit in October. Away from gardens the butterflly is fond of over-ripe black- berries in the hedgerows. This species is one of the few which have an improved position compared with that in the early part of the century, when it was a very scarce insect. Some of the July flying specimens are referable to var hutchinsoni Robson. (to be continued) INVERNESS-SHIRE IN 1971 65 Inverness-shire in 1971 By Commander G. W. Harper, R.N. Retd., F.B.E.S. The winter of 1970-71 was again an open one with few ex- tremes of low temperatures or depth of snow. A mild Christ- mas was followed by a cold frosty Hogmanay and New Year, but the rest of January was very dry and mild, so that Phigalia pedaria Fab. appeared on my local wooden posts on 17th , about the usual date. The emergence continued into February, when some sharp frosts and snow stopped the ap- pearance of immigrant birds as well as hibernating Lepidop- tera. In March, the first Calostigia multistrigaria Haw. emerged in my Spinney, flying with hibernating Conistra vaccini L. on mild evenings; immigrant plovers and oystercatchers however were delayed until late in the month by which time the Orthosias and Achlyia flavicornis L. were coming to m.v. light. The last day of the month a fresh Panolis flammea Schf. (piniperda Panz.) appeared in my m.v. light trap. April came in quietly and continued a pleasant month, with the emergence of the Spring Lepidoptera only a few days late, and in quite good numbers. Mr B. Goater found the first Brachyonica nubeculosa Esp. on a Kincraig Birch, on 2nd and I was pleased to find that the Laggan colony of Poe- cilopsis lapponaria Bdv. was out in small numbers on 7th, having survived the multilation of its habitat by the Forestry Commision. The middle of the month including Easter was fine and sunny, the sun-loving Aglais urticae L. and Brephos parthenias L. taking advantage of it. A few male Endromis versicolora L. were reported seen on Granish Moor. Mr Wheeler had a surplus of F2 generation pupae of Aviemore stock of this species, which I released for him in various loca- lities in the area; no assembling was however noted: though 28 22,22 35 were so released during the month. The season was by now earlier than usual, and the birches were shewing green by the end of the month. Beautiful Spring weather continued in May, and on 3rd Odontosia carmelita Esp. appeared in my m.v. light trap, a little early; at Nairn on 4th in brilliant sunshine on the Moray Firth coast I found Pieris napi L. and Anthocaris cardamines L. well out and flying together in numbers; this is the earliest date I have ever seen the latter in Scotland, while on the same day a few larvae of Amathes xanthographa Schf. found feeding on coastal grasses were well grown in last instar. A fresh Orthosia gracilis Schf. joined the small company in my m.v. trap at Newtonmore that night. By 12th May, female A. cardamines L. were busy ovipositing on C. pratensis (Lady’s Smock) near Kingussie and P. napi also was flying widely by this early date here. Butterflies continued to emerge with Brenthis euphrosyne L. flying at Newtonmore on 21st May; wind was however Easterly with cold and frosty 66 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 84 15/1/72 nights in the last week of the month resulting in very meagre trap catches, no less than four nights being nil! I understand that these very poor results also obtained in Southern districts in England. June came in with warm sunny days and butterflies con- tinued to emerge well; on Ist my local colony of Cupido mini- mus Fues. near Aviemore was emerging well, as also was Erynnis tages L. As I have been feeling anxious about the state of Carterocephalus palaemon Pall. I visited some of its stations west of the Great Glen on 3rd June. I am glad to be able to report that, although reduced in numbers by the rapid growth of the Forestry Commission’s plantations this lovely and rare little butterfly has survived in several spots. B. selene Schf. was well out and flying in this area also. Back in Badenoch B. euphrosyne L. was fully out in good numbers, and I was very pleased to see again one or two Spring brood Lycaena phlaeas L. Cold North-East winds still prevailed, so that the appearance of the Summer moths continued as a thin trickle. Trap catches were further decimated by a great increase in the number of long-eared bats hawking low over the trap, and frequently entering it leaving nothing but some wings. This species seems to be the severest moth predator of all now in this area. Sharp frost on 10th and bitter Easterly gale on llth. The English warmth did not reach us until the end of the month. July started with warm and thundery conditions, the usual Summer species flying in fair numbers, but Immigrants were scarce again this year, the only Plusia gamma L. of the year coming to light on 4th. But 28th was a very interesting night, in which Mr Bretherton trapped at Kincraig a specimen of Plusia iota, L., a male in fair condition, and probably a rare vagrant. I have never seen this species in the Highlands be- fore, where it is rare and sporadic in appearance. Between these dates the weather was cold, wet and stormy with northerly winds and my trap continued to be plagued by long- eared bats on several nights! A few warm days and nights in- terspersed with the cold gales showed the common Summer species to be as usual. August weather was rather mixed, with heavy rainfall early in the month, unhappily at the same time illness severely limited my entomological activities and necessarily also my observations. This was particularly galling and during a won- derful spell of hot “Indian summer” weather early in Sep- tember, continuing fine and calm until mid-October when sharp frost, snow on the hills, and delayed equinoctial gales virtually closed a pleasant but unlucky season for me, with little of interest to report. Neadaich, Newtonmore, Invernessshire 10.1.72 BUTTERFLIES IN YUGOSLAVIA, 1971 67 Butterflies in Yugoslavia, 1971 By A. G. Irwin, F.R.E.S. From July 10 to September 4, during the summer of 1971, an expedition from the Department of Zoology, University of Southampton, was in the Neretva Valley, Yugoslavia. Most of the work was ornithological in nature, but some time was spent collecting butterflies. To save time, both in Yugoslavia, and in England, the butterflies were identified as soon as captured, using Higgins and Riley’s ‘Field Guide to the Butterflies of Britain and Europe.” Specimens which showed interesting variation, or which proved very difficult to identify, were killed and kept in papers. This method of identifying butterflies is, of course, sub- ject to mistakes, but any specimen which proved difficult was kept until satisfactorily identified. The method (which was impractible until the appearance of the field guide) is, how- ever, very rewarding from two points of view. The first is that, once identified, the specimen may be released, thus dis- pelling any worries about the possibly precarious status of a local population. Secondly, much more can be learnt about the flight and other behaviour of a particular species. Field identification of flying or settled insects therefore becomes easier and more accurate. The collector, who recognises his butterflies from purely morphological points, must surely be at a disadvantage if he should just miss an odd-looking speci- men. The Neretva River flows from the mountains, just south of Sarajevo, to the Adriatic Sea, near Metkovic. Most of the rock of the surrounding country is limestone, but, in many places, silt has filled in basins to form large areas of fertile land which are intensively farmed. The mountain slopes are covered with mixed woods or scrub, and the coastal vegetation consists mainly of Mediterranean scrub, although large tracts of marshland occur. The weather during the expedition was mostly very hot and dry, with a few thunderstorms and tor- rential downpours. The area was very rich in insect life, including butterflies, but also very rich in birds. The time spent collecting butter- flies was therefore rather limited, and, accordingly, the species list does not do justice to the wealth of the Lepidop- teran fauna. The following list gives details of localities mentioned in the species list. Heights are in meters. Near Aleksin Han. Steep wooded hillside. 500m. Boracko Jezero. Lake surrounded by step wooded hills 300m. Borci. Alpine meadows and woods. 800m. Deransko Jezero. Marshy lake surrounded by scrub- covered and wooded hillsides, 20m. 68 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 84 15/TII/72 Hutovo Blato. Marsh with wet woodland and scrub- covered hills. 4m. Kuti Jezero. Scrub-covered and wooded hillsides (coastal). 140m. Metkovic. Wet woodland and scrub-covered hills. 4m. MoStrasko Blato. Cultivated valley. 200m. Ostrazac. Wooded and cultivated hillsides. 250m. Zeljusa. Arid scrubland. 100m. Species of Butterflies recorded in the Neretva Valley, Yugo- Slavia, from July 10 to August 30, at heights from Sea-levels (S.L.) to 800m. Species for which there are very few records have full de- tails. Other species have the altitude range and dates shown, together with an indication of frequency within the altitude range. An asterisk marks those species of which specimens were taken. Papilo machaon L. SL — 200m. July 11-Aug. 30. Widespread. Iphiclides podalirius L. SL — 800m. July 11-Aug. 27. Wide- spread. Pieris brassicae L. SL — 800m. July 16-Aug. 30. Widespread. *Pieris rapae L. SL — 500m. Juuly 10-Aug. 30. Widespread Pieris ergane Geyer. Zeljusa, July 18 and Kuti Jezero, Aug. 2. Pontia daplidice 1. SL — 100m. July 16-Aug. 28. Local. Euchloe ausonia Hiib. Zeljusa, July 11 and Hutovo Blato, July 16. *Colias crocea Geoff. SL — 800m. July1l-Aug. 30. Widespread. *Colias australis Verity. Borci, July 23. Gonepteryx rhamni L. 20m-800m. July 10-Aug. 30. Widespread Leptidae sinapis 1. SL — 800m. July 22-Aug. 28. Widespread. Libythea celtis Laicharting. Bora¢ko Jezero, July9 and Deran- sko Jezero Aug. 30. Apatura ilia Schiff. Hutovo Blato, July 16. Limentis reducta Staudinger. SL — 500m. July 14-Aug 28. Widespread. Neptis rivularis Scop. Near Aleksin Han, Aug. 6. (A late time for this butterfly). Nymphalis antiopa 1. Boracko Jezoro, July 9 and 27. MoStar- sko Blato July 12 Inachis io 1. 100m-800m. July 10-Aug. 8. Widespread. Vanessa atlanta L. SL — 500m. July 25-Aug. 30. Widespread. Vanessa cardui L. SL — 800m. July 22-Aug. 30. Widespread. Polygonia egea Cramer. SL — 150m. July 14-Aug. 30. Local. Argynnis paphia L. 50m-800m. July 10-Aug 21. Widespread. Mesoacidalia aglaja L. 250m-800m. July 24-Aug. 21. Wide- spread. Fabriciana adippe Schiff. 100m.-800m. July 22-Aug. 28. Local. Melitaea didyma Esp. 20m-100m. Local. Mellicta athalia Rott. Near Aleksin Han, July 10 and Zeljusa, July ‘SY Melanargia galathea L. 100m.-500m. July 18-Aug. 8. Local INSECTS RELATED TO RAILWAY EMBANKMENTS 69 Hivparchia fagi Scop./H. alcyone Schiff. SL — 800m. July 18- Aug. 30. Widespread. *Hipparchia fagi Scop. Borci, July 24. (Jullien Organ:-5 rods on each side). *Hipparchia statilinus Hufnagel. Metkovic, Aug. 28. Chazara briseis L. SL — 800m. July 14-Aug. 27. Widespread. (to be concluded) The Distribution of Insects related to Railway Embankments L. Mc LeEop, B.Sc. F.R.E.S. (25 Sleford Close, Balsham, Cambridgeshire) The recent request by the Croydon Natural History Society for old insect records from northern Surrey stimulated me to refer to my earliest entomological notes, which were made during my early ‘“‘teens”’. While referring to these notes my mind was full of memories of school days and of “prize” insect specimens taken in a suburban garden. During my childhood and until I left home in 1962, I lived in a house in Streatham, South London. The garden was al- ways full of flowers and fruit trees of several kinds. Insects were also plentiful and I began recording them in 1950 when my entomological interest began to show itself. Our garden backed onto the main London—Brighton Rail- way Line and even then I realised that many of the insects were attracted to our flowers from the grassy railway embank- ment at the far end of our garden. Nearby gardens, similar to our own but which did not back onto an embankment, posessed far fewer insect species. It was in the early fifties that I witnessed the arrival and increase in population of the syrphid fly Volucella zonaria Poda. There were many present in the summer months, also V. pellucens L. and V. inanis L. At this time I was not aware that V. zonaria had previously been uncommon in England. In recent years more insect species have been recorded in this garden by my brother A. R. McLeod. Even the number of butterfly species has increased. In 1970, the Speckled Wood Pararge aegeria L. and the Small Heath Coenonympha pamp- hilus L. were recorded for the first time. Both of these species occur in colonies some miles distant and are separated from Streatham by uninterrupted built-up areas. This increase in butterfly species is perhaps connected with a change in the maintainence methods employed by British Railways. Until the early sixties, steam locomotives were still in use and it was usual for the grass to be cut during the summer months and, after drying for a few days, it was burnt under supervision. This process was a reasonable method of preventing accidental fires on the embankment. Fires were, however, frequently caused by hot coals, despite the cutting and burning. 70 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 84 1S/ALN/T2 With the advent of diesel locomotives, the frequency of fires on the embankments has been greatly reduced and the supervised cutting and burning of the grass has been delayed until early autumn and sometimes completely abandoned. The results of this change is the survival, throughout the summer months, of many miles of wild grasses and flowers which can provide refuge, feeding and perhaps even breeding sites for some buiterflies (Watson 1969). On the embankment opposite our garden occur Umbellifers, Daisies, Buttercups, Plantains, Vetches and many Crucifers, as well as occasional clumps of nettles and thistles. Railway embankments with their assortment of wild flowers and grasses are possibly of great importance in the passage of insects from one suitable habitat to another. Agri- cultural land with its lack of “natural” plants can be as much a barrier to insect dispersal as are built-up areas, especially when hedgerows are treated with herbicides or completely re- moved. | In recent years, the abandoning by British Railways of many uneconomical lines has resulted in some embankments and tracks reverting to a completely wild state. The use of these as nature trails and of the dramatic increases of insect populations in these areas has been reported in several papers. (eg. Whitehouse 1966). It is hoped that more local Naturalist Trusts will take ad- vantage of the availability of these disused railways by making them into nature trails for educational purposes and thereby help insect conservation in this country. The following butterflies were recorded in Streatham, London, S.W. 16. during May — August 1970. Green Veined White Pieris napi L. Small White P,.rapae L. Large White P. brassicae L. Orange Tip Anthocaris cardamines L. Speckled Wood Pararge aegeria L. Wall Brown Lassiomaia megera L. Meadow Brown Maniola juriina L. Small Heath Coenonympha pamphilus L. Common Blue Polyommatus icarus Rott. Small Copper Lycaena phlaeas L. Comma Polygonia c-album L. Small Tortoiseshell Aglais urticae L. Painted Lady Vanessa cardui L. Red Admiral V. atalanta L. Large Skipper Ochlodes venaius Brem. & Grey Small Skipper Thymelicus sylvestris Poda It may perhaps be worth recording that the Grizzled Skip- per Pyrgus malvae L. and the Dingy Skipper Erynnis tages L. were once common in this area. After the war and until the early fifties these two Hes- periids were common on the London/Surrey border on the NEW FOREST MERCURY VAPOUR LIGHT RECORDS FOR 1971 71 site which is now Norbury Park. Much of this site was divided into allotments during and shortly after the war. These were gradually abandoned and wild grasses and flowers grew waist high in places. Both O. venatus and T. sylvestris were common, but since the site was levelled and converted to a park, I have not recorded these species in the area. I consider that the above list of butterfly species is quite remarkable for a south London suburban garden. Gonopteryx rhamni L. can also be seen in some years. The number of species listed is undoubtedly related to the presence of the railway embankment. Railways constitute a huge network throughout the country passing through natural habitats, agricultural land, towns and cities. The railway embankments with their wild plant species can assist insect dispersal by providing passage ways through otherwise ‘“‘sterile’” areas. With an ever increasing human population, our towns, cities and roads spread alarmingly. The importance of railway embankments to our insect life might well be increased. Let us hope that the practice of burning and use of herbicides on railway embankments is kept to a minimum. REFERENCES Watson, R. W. 1969. Notes on Melitaea cinxia L. 1945-1968. Ent Rec. 81: p 18 Whithouse, S. J. 1966. New Habitats Bull. Amat. Ent Soc. 25: p. 41 New Forest Mercury Vapour Light Records for 197] By L. W. SIGGs During 1971, numbers were low in the trap at Minstead, especially in June (a very wet month) and October. Nights were generally cold; the minimum temperature at night never exceeded 16°C (9th July) when the catch was 461 specimens in 90 species. Specimens Species Nights Total Average Average March 25 1423 62 8 April 28 3090 110 10 May a 1033 33 14 June 30 2285 76 27 July 31 5623 181 55 August 26 525i 202 40 September 29 2339 81 17 October 29 1416 49 13 November Vi 301 21 6 12 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 84 15/11/72 The number of species first recorded for the year in each month was — February, 7; March, 16; April, 20; May, 73; June, 81; July, 91; August, 35; September, 19; October, 9; Novem- ber, 5. The total of species recorded was 356. This is about average. There were again four additions to theMinstead list: — Cucullia verbdasci L. Lygris prunata L. Chesias rufata F. Eupethecia tenuiata Hiibn. (when this was previously reported it was confused with E. plumbeolata Haw. but the 1971 specimens have been verified). The following captures of species which are not common here are worthy of note:— Euxoa nigricans L.; Graphiphora augar F. (2); Orthosia advena Schiff.; Eremobia ochroleuca Schiff. (2) — the third successive year this unexpected visitor has turned up; Procus versicolor Borkh. (2) — first recorded 1970; Moma alpium Osbeck; Litho- phane leautieri Boisd. (6) — the local colony continues to pros- per in its third year; Xylena vetusta Hiibn.; Scopula imitaria Hubn.; Operophtera fagata Scharf.; Chloroclystis debiliata Hubn.; Ligdia adustata Schiff. Gnophos obscurata Schiff.; Itame wauaria L. (3) for the second successive year. A scarcity worth recording is of Diarsia brunnea F. Only one was taken whereas the usual annual catch is from 30 to 100. MIGRANTS. An even poorer year than 1970. Lithosia quadra L. (4); Agrotis ipsilon (28); Peridroma porphyrea Schiff. (4); Plusia gamma L. (488); Nomophila noctuella Schiff. (119); Plutella maculipennis Curt. (1). (The only consolation was the sight of a Macroglossum stellartarum L. hovering and feeding at Aubretia on the rockery on 9th May, the first time I have ever seen it here). POLYMORPHISM Biston betularia L. Sterrha aversata L. typical 25 (78%) remutata 134 (72%) carbonaria 6 (19%) | aversata 52 (28%) imsularia 1 (3%) I append a comparative table of percentages for these two species over the past few years for which figures are avail- able : — Biston betularia L. 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 typical 93°35 86:8 91°1° 85-3. 87-6:89-4 895 84 e9h carbonaria nil 13°2 6%. 4-8) 4:4 4e5)7 27 a 1 insularia 67!) ml Peaa 939. 8-08. Gil pA 8 1969 1970 1971 typical Baio, GS.’ ho carbonaria 8 9 .19 insularia 9 3 3 PLATE IV Euchloe ausonia Hubner above — larva, dorsal and lateral views. below — vupa, dorsal and lateral views. enlarged roughly x 3 LARVA AND PUPA OF EUCHLOE AUSONIA 713 Sterrha aversata L. 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 remutata To 5) FPO SOalie Foe NTN | 950.067 9507 gCH 2 aversata Fi NN 2510 SL 9225 6 29 5 i) GS 092a 2S Eilema deplana Esp. 3 (all unicolor) E. griseola Hiibn. 6 (Typical 5, flava 1) Apamea crenata Hufn. 1 (alopecurus) Cucullia chamomillae Schiff. 2 (both chrysanthemz1) Chloroclysta siterata Hufn. 64 (Typical 59, fasciata 5) Hydriomena furcata Thunb. 24 (Typical 23, obscura 1) Alcis repandata L. 65 (Typical 60, conversaria 5) Sungate, Football Green, Minstead, Lyndhurst, Hants. The Larva and Pupa of Euchloe ausonia Hubner from Greece (Lep.: Pieridae) By Joun G. COUTSIS, B.A., M.ARCH The full grown larva of Euchloe ausonia has a length of approximately 11, inches and is slightly stouter than that of Anthocharis cardamines L. The head is yellow-green and has a number of small shiny black warts, each with a short black bristle. The body has a mid-dorsal dark blue-grey or violet- grey stripe with the dorsal artery showing through in a lighter shade; this is followed by a yellow sub-dorsal stripe; beyond this there are two lateral stripes, the first relatively wide and light blue-grey or green-grey and the second narrower and yellow. Ventral area green; pro-legs and true legs green. The whole body and head covered with short whitish hairs; sides and dorsum with prominent, shiny, black warts each with a single black bristle. Spiracles brown. The dorsum of the last abdominal segment with a darkened area reminiscent of a saddle. The pupa has a length of about 1 inch. At first it has an overall purplish tinge, but this is gradually lost and the pupa then becomes sand coloured with fine light brown speckling. Body with a faint and narrow sub-spiracular light sand coloured stripe extending the length of the abdomen, and another sub-dorsal one, of the same colour, extending over the abdomen and thorax, and reaching the base of the head. A faint mid-dorsal grey-brown stripe extends from the head to the tip of the abdomen, but is most obvious along the first half of its length. The head prominence, shoulders and leg cases, finely speckled with dark grey-brown. Wing cases light grey, vena- tion light sandy. Inner margin of wing cases with a well defined dark brown streak. Spiracles light brown. A few black dots interspersed over most of the body surface. The head prominence is bent downwards. Wing cases not particularly bulgy. Body stouter than that of cardamines. In captivity the larvae were fed on Isatis species. 74 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 84 15/7 Denis & Schiffermuller: A Correction My note (Vol. 83, pp. 266-268) on the 1775 Anktindung was anticipated by a year in a most interesting and important paper by Dr Klaus Sattler (1970, Das ‘Wiener Verzeichniss” von 1775. Zeits. wien. ent. Ges. 54 (80) (1969): 2-7, pls. 1-3). He found that the Linnean Society copy was sent to Linnaeus by Schiffermiiller himself, with a covering letter dated 11th September 1775 which mentioned the co-operation of Denis. Its arrival in this way no doubt explains how it came about that the work was catalogued under Schiffermiuller’s name alone. Dr. Sattler also reproduces the Ankiindung title page and shows that the accepted title, which I repeated, is wrong in at least four places. It should read: — Ankiindung eines systematischen Werkes von den Schmetterlingen der Wienergegend An earlier paper of great interest draws attention to a collection of paintings now in the British Museum (Natural History), and traces its history (Higgins, L. G., 1959. The original larval figures of Schiffermiiller. Entomologist, 92: 49-60). Dr. Higgins shows that there were 54 plates towards the planned continuation of the “Wiener Verzeichniss’, and that after that project was abandoned they were passed to Jacob Hiibner, who used them in his Geschichte europaischer Schmetterlinge. Hiibner later mentioned both Denis and Schiffermiiller, and their Ankiindung, on page 6 of his Lepzdop- terologische Zutrage. The opportunity is taken to remark that the Field Guide to the Butterflies and Burnets of Spain by Manley & Allcard (see vol. 83, p. 118) is one recent work which does restore to Denis his proper place as co-author. C. F. COWAN. How I Started Collecting By R. ToMLINSON From the late thirties until just before he died, my father was the steward of a local firm’s sports club near where we lived at Uplands Estate near Purfleet in Essex. In the late forties my mother and I used to go to the club when the members and their guests had all gone home, and help dad to clear up. He found it difficult to get around much, could not do any bending or stooping because he was disabled, having lost a leg in the battle of the Somme in the 1914-18 war. This club was somewhat apart from the rest of the estate and not far from a wood, known locally as the “First Woods” or ‘“May’s Woods’. As one might guess, quite a crowd of moths were attracted to the lights of the club and I became interested as to their identity. It was not long before I bought the 1948 edition of the two volumes of “South”, and managed to des- patch my captured specimens by means of a jam jar and some HOW I STARTED COLLECTING 75 cottonwool in it moistened with some commercial cleaning fluid known, as I believe as ““Thawpit’’, or something similar; I did not keep a diary then. I used to set the insects up roughly with “ill” pins, but did not keep my captures, throwing them away once I had found out what they were. Shame upon me, you might well say, but that is how it was those days. I can remember Cream-Spot Tigers and Garden Tigers, but the one which pleased me most was the Least Carpet, because South made no mention of it being found in Essex, but stated that in order to obtain the species, a journey would have to be made to one or other of its special haunts in Kent, lying between Greenhithe and Sheerness. I had no friends in those days with natural history interests, and did not know of the existence of natural history societies, much less the existence of entomological societies, so my findings, valuable though they might have been, found no outlet to the ouside world. A lot of water passed under the bridge, as the saying goes; my father died in late 1956, my mother married again, and we moved to my present address in 1958, and by then I had found new interests, bird watching among them. It came to pass that I received a letter in early 1965 from that doyen of Essex bird watchers, Mr H. RB. Tutt, asking me to meet a certain Mr Roger Smith, and show him round my area of East Tilbury. I duly met him and we went birding on several occasions, and one of the areas visited was ‘‘Golden Gates” at Mucking. He was very impressed by the place and said “I'll bet this is first class for moths’, and went on to say he had some sugar mix- ture made up that was two and a half years old and should be really good by now for attracting moths. To cut a long story short, we did four sugaring excursions to “The Golden Gates’’, and I can honestly say these were the most satisfying and exciting moth collecting expeditions I have even taken part in. On every occasion moths were elbowing one another off the sugar, and it was he who took me to his home and showed me the rudiments of setting up. He also introduced me to Don Down and to the legendary Mr Huggins, and lent me several different entomological magazines, The Record amongst them. It was not long before I bought a Honda generator from a local dealer and the rest of the gear from Watkins and Doncaster, so that I too could collect lepidoptera. You see, all those years the spark was still there, and it only needed some- one like Roger to swiftly fan it into flame. Since then, I have concentrated more on lepidoptera collecting, whilst Roger has turned more to bird watching, and has travelled Europe in fact in order to expand his “life list”; although I still take an interest in birds and he still takes an interest in lepidoptera; we seem to have swopped interests, so to speak. Not a bad exchange. Even though his work has taken him to Dumfries- shire, I still correspond with him and we exchange our respec- tive news. With regard to The Record, I can already hear the grumbles 76 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 84 15/TII/72 about the increase in subscription, but I still think it is the finest entomological magazine in the country; what other editor would try to decipher my biro pen scrawl and turn it into an acceptable article? Not many, I think. With The Record and the latest “Field Guide to the Butterflies of Britain and Europe” I can peruse articles on European collecting by Mr J. A. C. Greenwood, Mr RB. F. Bretherton, the Baron de Worms and others, and live again the joys of their discoveries. 51 King Street, Stanford-le-Hope, Essex. Notes and Observations INTERSPECIFIC COMPETITION IN BUTTERFLIES. — In his paper “Observations on British Butterflies, 1970” (1971 Ent Record 83: 259-266) Dr Luckens writes with reference to a wood pre- viously noted for the occurrence of Argynnis cydippe L. “All the subsequent captures in the wood have proved to be A. aglaia L. and I wonder if it has recently colonized the wood and displaced the very similar A. cydippe by natural competi- tion.” Exactly what sort of natural competition does Dr Luckens visualise? It can hardly be competition for the food-plant; neither species is numerous enough to exhaust supplies of dog violet in a wood. Does he suggest that whenever an aglaia meets a cydippe it attacks and drives it away? Surely a more likely explantion is some subtle change in the ecological structure of the wood, which now renders it more suitable for aglaia and less so for cydippe. Here in East Africa, we do have real cases of food-plant competition. The larvae of the Saturniid Citrina forda Westw. live gregariously and often defoliate the food-plant, a small tree Sideroxylon diospyroides (Sapotaceae), completely starving not only themselves, but all other larvae feeding on the same tree, which include Pseudoacraea lucretia Cr. (Nym- phalidae), Dasychira proleprota Hamps., cratista Collnt. (Lym- antriidae) and several species of Eutelia (Noctuiidae). Pre- sumably the same thing happens in England with Tortrix viridana L. and other oak-feeding larvae. On the other hand the Nymphalids Euxnthe tiberius Gr. Sm. E. wakefieldi Ward and Charaxes violetta Gr. Sm. all feed on the same food-plant (Deinbollia spp. (Sapotaceae)) and all three coexist in the same small patch of forest, although the imagines of tiberius prefer a more shaded habitat than the other two. — D. G. SEVASTOPULO F.R.E.S., Mombassa. 27.xii.1971. STIGMELLA OXYACANTHELLA STT. (LEP NEPTICULIDAE): In his ‘‘Notes on some of the British Nepticulidae” (antea. 169), Lieut. Col. Emmet states that there is some disagreement as to NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS 77 whether this species is univoltine or bivoltine. After having twice reared this species, the first time acci- dentally, it is my opinion that oxyacanthella is bivoltine. During the early summer of 1965 I was rearing a batch of hawthorn- feeding noctuid larvae which went down to pupate during July. About mid-August, two imagines of oxyacanthella appeared at the top of the container, the absence of a fascia from the forewings being the basis for the identification. Un- fortunately, after a thorough search through the debris left by the Noctuid larvae, I failed to find either the mines or the empty cocoons, and I assumed that the former had been con- sumed by the Noctuids. On 11th October 1970 at Luxulyan, Cornwall, I gathered a hawthorn leaf which contained two mines, each of which was occupied, duly resulting in two pinkish brown cocoons a few days later. One of the cocoons eventually produced a parasite, but the other, after overwintering, produced a moth in June 1971. From this, it would appear that at least in Cornwall the species is bivoltine, and that L. T. Ford’s time-table (no. 1286) in his Guide to the smaller British Lepidoptera, is correct, 1.e., that moths emerge in May/June and again in August.—J. L. Grecory, 17 Grove Rd., St Austell, Cornwall. 30.x.1971. EARLY STAGES OF BRAHMAEA JAPONICA (LEP. SATURNIIDAE): Livestock is not difficult to obtain from some of the British entomological dealers and the larvae are easy to rear on a diet of Ligustrum (privet), the green-leaved varieties being best. The following notes are made from ova received in March 1970. Ovum. Smoky brown, smooth, about three quarters of a sphere with a flat base; microphyle dark and conspicuous; a series of concentric indistinct reddish brown circles, centred about half-way up the side. Empty shell pale brown. Larva: lst Instar: Head shining black, rings 1, 2, 3, 11 and 12, yellowish orange with black dots, two very long hairy horns on rings 2, 3 and 12; a single central horn on ring 11. All horns pale yellowish brown at first, becoming black. Rings 4 to 10 pale grey with black bands; underside and prolegs black. Whole body adorned with small tufts of short hairs. 2nd instar: horns shining black without hairs. Spiracular line yellowish orange, body devoid of hairs or bristles. 3rd instar: Horns on ring 12 reduced in size and black bands on body now broken up into dots. 4th instar: Body uniformly whitish grey with black dots along and just above spiracular line. All horns except on ring 12 still long and slender with a tendency to curve at the tip. Head now mainly black with vertical yellow lines. Sth instar: Horns almost completely disappear and body becomes more greenish. Head marked as in 4th instar. The whole of the old skin is devoured, including the horns, but not the head. On previous moults, the skin is not always completely eaten. Legs black; prolegs bluish green with black markings. The body as marked as in the previous instar but 78 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 84 15/III/72 the underside is dark brown. A few hours before abandoning the foodplant the larva becomes orangy brown dorsally (this may happen before or after the last meal). After wandering about for a few days, the larva makes a slight depression on the surface of the soil and prepares to pupate; there seems to be no attempt to go underground. The larval life is about six weeks. Pupa. Dull blackish. The pupal state lasts from May or early June until about the following February.—Joun L. GreGcory, 17 Grove Road, St. Austell, Cornwall. 22.x.1971. PHYLLONORYCTER TRIFASCIELLA HAw. (LEP. GRACILLARIIDAE), AN UPPER SURFACE MiNnE.—On 22nd October 1971 I noticed a large “Lith’-type mine on the upper surface of a leaf of Leycesteria formosa, Himalayan honeysuckle, growing in a ditch, half smothered in nettles, at St. Austell. The plant was little more than a seedling and only about one foot in height. A quick search revealed one more mined leaf, but as this was a normal underside mine of P. trifasciella it was not taken. I took the upperside mine home for rearing and, on 18th Novem- ber, a very diminutive moth emerged. It was not much more than half the size of a normal specimen, although the colour and wing markings were more or less typical. I had kept the leaf in a small closed container in a warm room, but this did not prevent the partial drying out of the leaf. The pupa broke through the under surface of the leaf for eclosion in the normal manner of the species. I would be interested to hear of any other instances of Phyllonorycter mines on the “wrong” side of the leaf.—Joun L. GREGORY, 17 Grove Road, St. Austell, Cornwall. 31.xii.1971. EARLY EMERGENCE OF XANTHORRHOE FLUCTUATA L. A moth was seen at a lighted window together with Oporophtera brumata L. and Erannis defoliaria Clerck, on 21st December last at Gatley, Cheadle, Cheshire.—H. N. Micwae.is, 5 Glan- y-Mor, Glan Conway. 25.1.1972. YPSOLOPHUS HORRIDELLUS TREITSCHKE.—Recent notes about this species prompted me to look up my records, and I find that the only two specimens I possess were bred from larvae beaten from blackthorn at Monkswood, Hunts., on 16th June 1963. This partly answers the query of the Rev. David Agassiz as to how much further north of Enfield the species’s range extends. Meyrick states that it is found from Surrey and Dorset to Wilts. and Northampton. Like Mr F. A. Swain I see a few Y. scabrellus L. in Suffolk each August, but I have only had one Y. nemorellus L. and have never seen Y. horri- dellus in the county. According to the late Claude Morley, Y. horridellus had never been recorded in Suffolk up to 1937 when he produced his list of the Lepidoptera of Suffolk. H. E. CuHIpPERFIELD, The Shieling, Walberswick, Suffolk. 15.1.1972. NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS 719 DREPANA CURVATULA BORKHAUSEN IN NoRTH NORFOLK.— While on a visit to Norfolk in early January of this year, I paid a visit to Mr Patrick Kearney, who lives at Cley-next-Sea. After an interval of many years, he ran a mercury vapour light trap at the back of his house, which overlooks the marshes. He only started it in August 1971, and by the end of the season had amassed a fine assortment of species including some rari- ties. On viewing his catch, my attention was at once drawn to a male hooktip which seemed much darker than Drepana falcataria L. of which he fortunately had a specimen for com- parison. The insect in question was taken on 19th August and had puzzled him not only by its darker hue, but by its mark: ings, which differed notably from those of the pebble hooktip, especially on the underside. There seemed no doubt about its being the dusky hooktip (D. curvatula) which was borne out by comparing it with authentic specimens in the Museum at South Kensington, since fifteen were bred by the late Mr Dudley Marsh from a female which was taken by Mr George Youden at Dover on 13th August 1960 and at the time was thought to be an abnormal D. falcataria. This is the only other authentic British example (vide Ent. Record, 74: 44). There must be a lot of speculation as to how this insect came to be in this part of north Norfolk, whether a natural migrant or through a possible accidental introduction of the pupa in produce, or still more interesting, whether it might have become a resident and is breeding in that vicinity. This last possibility will have to be investigated in due course.— G. G. M. pE Worms, Three Oaks, Horsell, Woking, Surrey. 1.11.1972. LEUCANIA UNIPUNCTA HAWORTH AND HADENA COMPTA D. & ScHIFF. IN NorTH NorFoLk. Another most interesting capture at Cley by Mr Kearney was the white speck wainscot (L. unipuncta) on 11th November 1971. Though this migrant moth appears now regularly in the south-western areas of England, it is still of very rare occurrence on our eastern and south-eastern seaboard, and there are very few records for the eastern counties. The varied coronet (H. compta) has spread rapidly since it was found to be breeding in Kent in 1948, but its appearance at Cley in 1971, also recorded by Mr Kearney, is of special note as I am not aware of it occurring as yet further north than this, though it is now widespread in Suffolk, Kent and Essex, and is turning up regularly in the London area, but its westerly limit still seems to be Buckinghamshire —C. G. M. DE Worms, Three Oaks, Woking, Surrey. 1.ii.1972. BREEDING MANIOLA JURTINA L. I read Maj. Gen. Lipscomb’s article on jurtina (Ent. Record, 83: 333) with much interest. I have never actually tried to rear it from ova, as all my bred specimens have been obtained by the easier, but neglected, process of sweeping the herbage in suitable localities, late at 80 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 84 15/11/72 night towards the end of June. Beside meadow brown larvae, I have had gatekeepers (M. tithonus L.) and ringlets (Aphantopus hyperantus L.) and an astonishing variety of other night-feeding larvae. The point I wished to stress is that I have found the meadow brown the easiest of butterflies to lay in captivity; just put two or three in a two-pound jam jar with a spray of grass, cover with paper, punch a few holes in this cover, and leave them alone; they will readily jettison their cargo. I have done this on a few occasions and then tipped the ovas on to another site to try to extend the range. I have, however, successfully reared difficult species like Mesocidalia aglaia L. and Argynnis selene D. & Schiff. Alas, my sweeping days are now over, but I can commend the method to brother collectors, who, I am sure, will be gratified by the results.—L. G. F. WappincTon, 9 Greenleafe Ave., Wheatley Hills, Doncaster, Yorks. 18.1.1972. On THE Ecc or G. RHAMNI (LEP.):—Most of our reference books say that the eggs of the Brimstone Butterfly (Gonepteryx rhamni L.) turn colour from “yellowish” to “purplish grey”, or “deep grey’, shortly before hatching. Moreover, the larva is merely described as “‘green”’. The pale lime-green eggs laid for me on 28th June 1971 soon turned yellow and matured to a deep buttercup yellow within a week. Keeping casual watch for the alleged colour change, half of the hatch on 6th July was lost and only the last few were observed next day. Here was no colour change; simply a very slight fading as the bright yellow young larva formed within its glassy shell, then ate its way out and left its clear shell standing. The larvae remained bright yellow for two days before donning the green.—C. F. Cowan, Little Gaddesden House, Berkhamsted, Herts. 21.1.1972. VANESSA ANTIOPA L. AT STEEPLE BARTON, OXFORDSHIRE.—On the morning of 23rd October 1971 I saw an extremely large butterfly fly past the window of the Vicarage, and shortly afterwards my wife told me that she had seen a specimen of this species at close range, sunning itself on the south side of a cottage which is only fifty yards from here. Unfortunately, I was unable to catch sight of it again, but my wife knows this species very well as she has observed it on many occasions elsewhere. It was also seen by one other person who had no entomological knowledge, but who described it to me. I have no doubt that this record is correct.—H. B. D. KETTLEWELL, Steeple Barton Vicarage, Oxfordshire. 27.1.1972. OBITUARY 81 Obituary A. H. SPERRING A. H. SPERRING died on January 17th, in his eighty-third year. A Devon man by birth, he came to Hampshire at the age of three months when his family moved to Southsea. He was educated at Portsmouth Southern Grammar School and Culham College, Abingdon. After leaving college he became a schoolmaster by profession and taught at Blackheath until volunteering for military duties in the First World War, spend- ing three and a half years on the Western Front. In 1919 he returned to Hampshire to resume his scholastic career, from which he retired in 1951, having moved in the meantime to Havant where he lived for the remainder of his life. Lepidoptera seems to have held a fascination for him since his childhood days when his mother took him to the doctor and he noticed a case of butterflies decorating the surgery wall and, encouraged by his elder brother, C. W. Sperring, also a member of the ‘South London’ until his death almost twenty years ago, the entomological interest began and was never to be lost. Although latterly A.H.S.used a mercury vapour lamp the major portion of his collection was acquired the hard but more rewarding way: the beating tray, the sugar patch, acetylene lamp and pupae digging in the winter. Employing these methods no doubt made him the first class and untiring field worker he was. Fortunate enough to have lived within easy reach of the then-unspoiled Havent Thicket he took there C. sponsa, C. promisa, M. orion and many more of our rare species. In the thirties he joined the South Hants Natural History Society, spending much of his time collecting with Fassnidge, Castle-Russell and Parkinson-Curtis in the New Forest and Southampton area. Many other expeditions were also made with A. J. Wightman. He joined the ‘South London’ in 1947 and for many years never missed a meeting; he also took part in the field outings occasionally accompanied by his family. When collecting on Exmoor in 1939 he discovered a most unusual aberration of Lygris testata which Cockayne named sperringii. The writer first met Sperring at Titchfield over twenty years ago looking for H. nonagria. This chance meeting was to be the prelude to numerous excursions together which were to continue until eighteen months ago. His health had been failing for several years and it was only his interest and his enthusiasm that enabled him to carry on for so long. He was an ideal companion to work with in the field and the generosity and welcome which I was accorded when I visited his home will always be remembered with pleasure. He leaves a daughter, to whom our sympathy is extended. E.G.S. 82 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 84 15/III/72 Current Literature Termites, Their Recegnition and Control (Second Edition) by W. V. Harris, O.B.E., D.Sc., F.1.Biol. xii+ 186 pp. + 56 photographic illustrations, including eight in colour. This book is in the Tropical Agricultural Series published under the editorship of D. Rhind, C.M.G., O.B.E., B.Sc., F.L.S., F.I.Biol. After the lists of contents and plates the introduction to the first edition is reprinted and followed by a short introduction to the second edition, pointing out that although the scope of the second edition is the same, chapters 5, 6 and 8 have been rewritten to fall into line with new discoveries over the past ten years. It also calls attention to the necessity for certain changes in nomenclature. Chapter 1 is headed ‘Termite Biology—The Individual’ and, after a short explanation of the life of termites under headings concerned with external anatomy with sub-headings: The Winged Adult, The Reproductives, the Worker and the Soldier, with illustrations of the insects and portions of their anatomy, enabling them to be distinguished, the heading Development follows explaining the incomplete metamorphosis of egg, nymph, imago. Details of the life cycle of the imago, the worker, and the soldier are given. The chapter closes with Foods and Feeding, with details of the alimentary canal. Chapter 2 deals with the Termite society and is divided into Colony Foundation, Caste Determination, The Nest, Ter- mite architecture, Termitophiles, Some Enemies of Termites, and Termites as Food for Man. Chapter 3 is concerned with classification, with a key to the families, followed by draw- ings of anatomical characters, mostly heads. A list of refer- ences, Classified geographically for faunal lists and keys for the determination of species follow and the chapter con- cludes with a phylogenetic list of the genera of Termites arranged in families and sub-families. Chapter 4, Termites and the Soil, opens with a general discussion of the habits of various groups of termite families, based on the disposal of the spoil from the construction and ‘ maintenance of their nests, finally dividing them into three groups. The next eleven pages are devoted to their effects on the soil. Chapter 5 discusses Termites injurious to agricul- ture, and concludes with a list of pest species classified under the various crops affected, giving the geographical distribution of each species mentioned, while Chapter 6 deals with forestry pests, tabulating the species under the headings of In Nur- series and Young Trees, and On Mature Trees. Chapter 7, headed Timber, gives a list of termite-resistant commercial timbers, followed by Wood Preservation viewed from the standpoints of preservative chemicals and the suitability of various timbers for treatment. CURRENT LITERATURE 85 Chapter 8 is concerned with Termite damage to buildings, mentioning the kinds of termites attacking buildings, and their destruction. Measures to prevent Termite damage to build- ings, divided into mechanical and chemical barriers are sug- gested with information as to doseage. A list of species injurious to buildings is given with the geographical range of the species mentioned. These are listed under families, and again under regions. Chapter 9 deals with damage to mater- ials other than timber, listing under organic materials paper, fabrics, leather and rubber, while under inorganic materials, metals and plastics. The question of packaging materials and cable insulations is discussed. Appendix 1 gives notes on some chemicals used in termite control. A bibliography of 175 titles arranged alphabetically under authors, and the index conclude the work. The book is well printed on good paper and bound in a strong cloth, suitable for the handling which may be expected for such a subject. its interest must be wide, covering as it does, the entomologist and student, through various commer- cial undertakings and agriculture, to ordinary householders in the countries affected —S.N.A.J. British Arachnological Society. Bulletins of the Flatford Mill Spider Group and the British Spider Study Group, 1959-1968. Pp. 365. Reprinted facsimile cai Classey Ltd., Hampton, Middlesex, England. Py... £10. The Flatford Mill Spider Group was formed by a number of people who met at the Flatford Mill Field Centre where, during the 1950’s, several spider study courses were held. They exchanged information of interest through these bulletins and after five years the group (having grown very considerably) changed its name to The British Spider Study Group. After another five years—having grown even larger and acquired a world-wide membership—the group became The British Arachnological Society. The articles in this collection cover a wide range. There is a fair amount of practical advice for beginners about methods of collecting, the making of useful gadgets and avail- able apparatus, including the addresses of suppliers. There is a great deal of ecological information, descriptions of places visited all over the British Isles, together with lists of the spiders found there. The refindings of long lost rarities are triumphantly recorded, observations on behaviour noted and difficulties in identification and nomenclature discussed. Particularly useful are the New County Records, additions to the county lists in volume I of Dr Bristowe’s “The Comity of Spiders” (Ray Society, London, 1939). The B.S.S.G. began to take an interest in other arachnids and there are several articles on harvestmen (Opiliones) including a summary of the keys available for identifying harvestmen. 84 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 84 15/III/72 An introduction by Mr John Parker (secretary of the B.A.S.) gives the history of the organisation. Indexes of the titles of the articles and the arachnids mentioned in the first 20 bulletins are to be found after the introduction and those for bulletins 21-40 are between bulletins 20 and 21. 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ET A TE Oe EL EIT, FS LOTT LIE TY OE LE EST YL DES FTL EI IO BLT a Te ... sc my no en el 9 caomenirn iano rarernnnge 4 rs ARUMAN surrenit < olrer mi Shea valli ee Peake rr. aleve oy byte a 2 iég em m2 cae eed Cod oliector and profeasinial eiviegsct stow-@ apitep’ Cais 5 Lari hocxe OUR NRSNN SER eR << ie 980 Zine egee pe Pan 2 da ngaabegten THe: Orta ws IFAs: OO Fa DT Bt 5 gon ; “T no OP Poe does heen a" ve SEK : i cng led sul: wh ‘on signa? ‘i ‘etatt aba ay 7 Gels bots jf ee Be wrlsge butter bist Led: iver! Pekao oe ks ootaas o+ ponartae hos opus aT of DMpiee goixg. uabulont ala leh Lig’. 2oigll par ssionbubilianiaiiake Aco H pteebraaptia Lie! soca j ee. ee by Tuer RiTTER ES. 7 Ef rie & 2loV sasctoioetias dé tte “ahve S bow t alee x —s ¥ ett 086 cM xodiRion i Lanored hit. pawod edn OR has et o. @idebioliisH 2asdl Ai senor times Hr: CG? Folia a3 at o lA-+ioa’d, annpcnmel,soboks somagode ons. 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All reasonable care is taken of MSS, photographs, drawings, maps, etc., but the Editor and his staff cannot hold themselves responsible for any loss or damage. | EA I ET TT TLE LE EE TROPICAL | LEPIDOPTERA We are leading specialists in world lepidoptera of which we hold very large stocks from all families We purchase large and important collections and have contacts in most tropical countries Your Enquiries and Wants Lists are invited Please write for Catalogue to:- THE BUTTERFLY CENTRE PLUMMER TENTERDEN KENT CONTENTS Butterflies of the Isle of Wight. T. D. FEARNHOUGH Inverness-shire in 1971. G. W. HARPER Butterflies in Yugoslavia, 1971. A. G. IRWIN Distribution of Insects related to Railway Embankments. L. MCLEOD New Forest Mercury Vapour Light Records, 1971. L. W. SIGGS The Larva and Pupa of Euchloe ausonia Hiibner from Greece (Lep. Pieridae), JOHN G. COUTSIS Denis and Schiffermuller; a Correction. C. F. COWAN How I Started Collecting. R. TOMLINSON Notes and Observations: Insect Competition in Butterflies. D. G. SEVASTOPULO Stigmella oxycanthella Stt. Lep. Nepticulidae. a's GREGORY Early Stages of Brahmaea japonica (Lep. Saturniidae). J. L. GREGORY Phyllonorycter trifasciella Haw. (Lep. Gracillariidae). J. L. GREGORY Early Emergence of Xanthorrhoe fluctuata L. hs We fe MICHAELIS Ypsolophus horridellus Treitschke. H. E. CHIPPERFIELD Breeding Maniola jurtina L. L. G. F. WADDINGTON Drepana curvatula Borkhausen in North Norfolk. C. G. M. de WORMS Leucania unipuncta Haworth and Hadena compta D. & Schiff. in North Norfolk. C. G. M. de WORMS The egg of G. rhamni (Lep.). C. F. COWAN Vanessa antiopa L. at Steeple Barton, Oxfordshire. H. B. D. KETTLEWELL Obituary: A.H. SPERRING .. ae v rah Sil dle lias a rene Current Literature 57 65 67 69 71 73 74 74 76 76 Tt 78 78 78 79 79 79 80 80 81 82 T. BUNCLE AND CO. LTD., ARBROATH, ANGUS, SCOTLAND VOL.84 No. 4 April 1972 THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD AND JOURNAL OF VARIATION Edited by S. N. A. JACOBS, F.R.E:s. with the assistance of 6) A.A. ALLEN, B.S.C., A.R.C.S. C. A. COLLINGWOOD, B.SC., F.R.E.S. 2 NEVILLE BIRKETT, M.A., M.B. - H. C. HuGGInNs, F.R.E.S. J. M. CHALMERS-HUunr, F.R.E.S. S. WAKELY Major A. E. COLLIER, M.C., F.R.E.S. Commander G. W. Harper, R.N. (Retd.), F.R.E.s. Lieut. Col. A. M. EMMET, M.B.E., T.D., F.R.E.S. H. B. D. KETTLEWELL, M.A., M.B., B.CHIR., F.R.C.P., L.R.C.P., F.R.E.S. ANNUAL SUBSCRIPTION FOR THIS VOLUME No. 84 £3.00 Post free, for payment in sterling. £3.25 if payment is made in Foreign Currency Is now due and should be paid to Hon. Treasurer: Mrs M. A. REDGRAVE, 2 Connaught Way, Tunbridge Wells, Kent NEVEVUNGVUVERE VERSED ELEED ED bs _ ISHED MONTHLY PRICE 30p i ea BEETLES OF THE BRITISH ISLES E. F. Linssen, F.Z.S., F.R.E.S., F.R.P.S. These two fine, fully illustrated volumes give a complete description of all the common species, and most of the rare ones, found in Britain. The beautifully executed illustrations are in colour and in black and white. Volume 1 deals with structure of the adult beetle; metamorphosis; ecology; social behaviour; classifi- cation; and descriptions of the Superfamilies Caraboidea, Palpicornia, Staphylinoidea and Diversi- cornia. Volume 2 begins with a synopsis of the three latter Superfamilies, also describing Clavi- cornia, Heteromera, Lamellicornia, Phytophaga and Rhynchophora. There is a special chapter devoted to Strepsiptera. Both volumes contain a glossary, biblography, keys to the suborders, superfamilies and families, and descriptions of species. £1.75 net each WARNE 40 Bedford Square, London WCI1B 3HE ee te en ae PEATE TY 89 A Study of Poecilmitis phosphor (Trimen) (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae) By C. D. QUICKELBERGE East London Museum Ever since its initial discovery by J. H. Bowker roundabout 1864 on the Bashee River, eastern Cape Province, this intrigu- ing and unique species has been the classic Lepidopterist’s prize. Few there be that have tracked this brilliant, bronzy-red little copper down in its rain-forest domain. Except perhaps for K. M. Pennington who is fortunate enough to live on its doorstep, this species is definitely one that nobody can confi- dently expect to see at any particular place or time. Innumer- able visits by the author to procure specimens in a spot near Stutterheim, Cape Province, where L. Schroder had the good fortune of netting the first specimen, were quite without result. Then again, one year, when a spot nearby was eventually found that appeared to support a strong colony, no more was seen there again for many subsequent years. From the time that Bowker caught the first three speci- mens, all females, in the eastern Cape during the 1860s, a period of over 50 years was to elapse before another specimen was found. This was in 1921 when Higgins caught a female at Eshowe, Natal. However, it was only after another 12 years that the species was found in appreciable numbers when K. M. Pennington discovered a colony in the Methley’s garden next to his present home near Balgowan, Natal. The only species of its kind to inhabit forests, it is evident from observations that the secretiveness of phosphor is no doubt attributable to its small size, rapid flight, wariness (especially males) and the strong possibility that it keeps well out of sight by haunting the canopy. Swanepoel and Pennington record them sporting about tree-tops and the author has seen them coming down to settle on roads and then depart again at great speed for the heights. However their speed of flight and smallness make it extremely difficult to tell from just where they come and ultimately spend most of their time. Puddles of water on forest roads, at times, attract specimens, mostly females, and in this position they are quite easy to net but Plate V. Bowkeria phosphor subspecies X1-95 1 and 2. Uppersides of male (holotype) and female (allotype) B. p. borealis resp. 3 and 4. Undersides of male (holotype) and female (allotype) B. p. borealis resp. 5 and 6. Uppersides of male (neallotype) and female B. p. phosphor resp. 7 and 8. Undersides of male (neallotype) and female B. p. phosphor resp. 86 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD 15/1V/72 wandering males are another matter. They suddenly appear, settle for but just a few seconds and then rocket off again to quickly disappear from sight. There is little doubt that phosphor must inhabit many of our eastern montane forests from the east Cape through Natal and up to the Transvaal but up until fairly recently there were only about six spots over this vast stretch where the species had been located. Recent collecting activities have only slightly extended our knowledge of its distribution. In the east Cape we now know of six spots, in Natal three, and in the Transvaal one. Vast tracts occur between known localities. Coastal forests are shunned. Although primarily a true forest dweller it is evident that phosphor will on occasions follow water- courses away from the main forest block provided these are reasonably well wooded. Such a situation was encountered personally at the foot of the Amatola mountains near Debe Nek, Eastern Cape, where one April quite a few specimens of phosphor were seen playing about along the tree-tops of a narrow fringe of trees bordering a small stream which emerged from a forest about half a mile away. Even more surprising was the capture of a lone specimen near Fort Beau- fort which not only represents the most westerly point known to be reached by the species but also indicates just how far phosphor may venture away from forests. According to Mr J. C. McMaster, its captor, the nearest forests are on the Katberg mountains about 15 miles away in a northerly direction. Pre- sumably the insect, which was caught on the wooded banks of the Kat River, had wandered down along this watercourse as this river rises in these mountains. That they are attracted to flowers, e.g. bramble, has been shown by both Swanepoel and Pennington—such fortune has not been mine in spite of a pro- fusion of brambles in flower along forest roads through its haunts in the east Cape. At his home near Balgowan Mr K. M. Pennington has also observed phosphor visiting the following flowers:— Chrysanthemum, Mesembrianthemum, Dahlia, Blackjacks, and Canary Creeper. In common with other species of Poecilimitis, phosphor appears to have a prolonged flight period and has been observed during most months of the year. One male came down to the road near Stutterheim during August when it was clear, but wintery conditions and chilly winds still prevailed. In keeping with the general dearth of knowledge concern- ing this butterfly, the early stages and foodplant are likewise unknown. All that is known in this regard is the appearance of the egg which was squeezed from a female (see fig. 1). TAXONOMIC DISCUSSION It has long been felt that the generic placing of phosphor is unsatisfactory, but, apart from much speculation, no study- based conclusions have been forthcoming which might allocate the species to a more appropriate genus if such exists. Most workers have seen closest kinship with Avziocerses A STUDY OF POECILMITIS PHOSPHOR (TRIMEN) 37 Hiibner but nevertheless still follow general convention in allowing phosphor to remain grouped under either Phasis Hiibner, Poecilmitis Butler or Zeritis Boisduval. Others have hinted at the possibility of a generic home for phosphor in Chloroselas Butler, Desmolycaena Trimen, Aphnaeus Hibner, Crudaria Wallengren and even Deudorix Hewitson. Little study was necessary to reject Axiocerses as, taking the species bambana Grose Smith as an example, it was found that antennae, palpi, venation and genitalia all showed con- clusively that there is no affinity to phosphor at the generic level whatsoever, bar a resemblance of their tails. Similar ~ Sf Figure 1. A andB Egg of B. p. phosphor (Trimen), 0-79 mm. in height and 0-47 mm. in diameter A—dorsal view, much enlarged. B—ventral view, much enlarged. C, D, E and F—genital structures showing comparison between B. p. phosphor (Trimen) and the type-species of Poecilmitis, i.e. P. lycegenes (Trimen). C—Subunci of B. p. phosphor. D—Subunci of P. lycegenes. E—Lower fulture or anellus of P. lycegenes. F—Lower fulture or anellus of B. p. phosphor. v.p.=ventral process un.=uncus. G and H—Forewing undersides of the two subspecies of B. phosphor, illustrating different placement of black discal stripe (d. st.) and cluster of three spots (3 s.c.) in relation to the discocellular spot (d. sp.). In B. p. phosphor (H) these are positioned more proximally so that the black discal stripe makes contact with the discocellular spot. In B. p. borealis (G) both the discal stripe and three-spot cluster are more distally placed. Note also fuller development of spots in B. p. phosphor. 88 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD LS/TVI TZ studies also made it quite clear that phosphor could not be united with any of the other genera mentioned above, exclud- ing Poecilmitis. Only when considering the latter genus do we find some definite closer relationship and it was in this connec- tion that more careful study was called for in order to ascertain if phosphor was well placed in Poecilmitis or whether it should be isolated generically. The most compelling case for phosphor’s retention within Poecilmitis is the apparent uniformity of the genitalia of the species (vide Murray, 1958). However, a little closer study does reveal a few fundamental differences not readily discern- ible but sufficiently important in my estimation as to consider discrete generic grouping for phosphor. These differences in the genitalia, although small in them- selves, do appear of sufficient magnitude when compared with the much smaller differences that serve to separate other Poecilmitis species. Figure 1 illustrates the genitalic differences between phosphor and the type-species of Poecilmitis, P. lycegenes (Trimen). The point to note in this connection is that the shape of the lower fulture in lycegenes agrees in essence with other Poecilmitis spp., especially chrysaor (Trimen), aethon (Trimen), etc. The structure of this part in phosphor however has no true counterpart in other species of Poecilmitis studied, e.g. thysbe (Linnaeus), pyramus Penning- ton, nigricans (Aurivillius), lyncurium (Trimen), etc. These species also have the shorter ventral process to the subunci as in lycegenes whereas that of phosphor is long and curved. Oddly, phosphor is not entirely unique in this respect in that the same process in chrysaor is somewhat similar but the sub- uncus shows other divergences. However, should the whole case for removing phosphor from Poecilmitis depend entirely on the extent of dissimilarity of its male genitalia then we could perhaps still harbour sus- picions of doubt, but as will be appreciated from what follows, the matter of phosphor’s generic uniqueness is put beyond question. 1. Antennae conspicuously reddish-tipped from above in males, at least last 4-5 segments—not so in other species, lycegenes, etc. 2. Labial palpi. Terminal joint noticeably shorter than in other Poecilmitis spp., including lycegenes. 5. Wing-shape quite different to lycegenes, etc. Whereas in the latter species the outer margins are convex, in phos- phor they are straight in sections or even concave. 4. The structure and presence of a tail again makes phosphor unique when viewed together with other Poecilmitis species. The few species that do possess tails have them more rudimentary and of a different character as in the case of chysaor where the whole configuration of this structure is different. Thus chrysaor’s tail is much shorter and clavate while that of phosphor is longer well deve- loped, attenuated and acuminate and with a well de- A STUDY OF POECILMITIS PHOSPHOR (TRIMEN) 89 veloped basal lobe. 0. Wing-pattern. In all Poecilmitis species there is a remark- ably characteristic and uniform arrangement of the upper- side black discal spotting over the reddish-coppery ground colour. This is quite lacking in phosphor and although there is in some specimens a greater or lesser develop- ment of a sub-marginal row of black spots in the Hw. and some Fw. discal spotting in some females, these are so different in form, arrangement and position as to appear not to be homologous at all. The unusually wide black border of the UpFw., especially broad in the apical por- tion of the male, is also a conspicuously unique feature. 6. Early stages. Although only the egg is known this does give some positive indication that phosphor is not typical of Poecilmitis. Referring to the interesting publication of Clark & Dickson (1956) it will be seen that there is at least one marked difference in the egg sculpture between phosphor (see fig. 1) and that of the seven species of Poecilmitis figured in this paper. In Poecilmitis the egg surface is moulded into rather deep hexagonal identations but in phosphor this is developed into a reticular or lace- work pattern, the indentations also being far shallower. This egg-pattern of phosphor actually places it closer to that of an Aloeides, although it also bears some resemb- lance to lycegenes (Clark & Dickson, 1971) but lacks the vertical ribbing. 7. Finally, even in matters of habits and habitat phosphor stands alone. In South Africa there is no other case of a copper, let alone a Poecilmitis sp., being bound to a forest habitat and, even more odd, favouring the canopy. The extreme wariness of males and especially their tendency not to return to resting spots also marks this species off from its congeners. Although this discussion has emphasized the points of dif- ference between phosphor and the general run of Poecilmitis species, the actual placing of phosphor in relation to its con- geners in a taxonomic table or key certainly puts it easily within the old Phasis group of Aurivillius (in Seitz, 1925). In his breakdown of Phasis, phosphor would conveniently form a third group, i.e. 2(c) to his second major subdivision thus show- ing closest relationship to Aloeides and Poecilmitis. Of these two latter genera phosphor obviously approximates closer to Poecilmitis but nevertheless must have diverged from this genus at a comparatively early stage, while still retaining some visible ties with Aloeides as evidenced by the egg sculp- ture. It is possible that upon taking to a forested habitat phosphor became isolated enough to develop other notable differences. In choosing a generic title for phosphor no more appropriate name than Bowkeria gen. nov. could be suggested as a fitting tribute to the zeal of the intrepid Colonel James Henry Bowker, who discovered this and many other interesting species during 90 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD 15/1IV/72 his pioneer, collecting activities about the eastern Cape and Natal. I am indebted to Mr C. G. C. Dickson for proposing this name. During a recent study of a fair series of specimens of phos- phor from the Cape, Natal and Transvaal it became obvious that two taxa were involved. Murray did not suspect this when he described a Balgowan male in his book of 1935. As his de- scription of the female (ibid.) was only an adaption of Trimen’s initial description of the holotype (a female of the nominate subspecies) this left the curious situation of the borealis fe- male and phosphor male as being as yet undescribed. This defect is remedied herein. Bowkeria phosphor borealis ssp. Nn. Phasis phosphor (Trimen) Murray, 1935. South African Butterflies p. 109 (part.). Holotype: Male, Yellowwoods, Natal, 24/4/1964 (K. M. Pen- nington). Allotype: Female, Balgowan, Natal, 18/4/ 1943 (K. M. Pen- nington). Paratypes: 8 males and 6 females consisting of 2 males and 1 female from near Graskop, Transvaal and the rest from the type locality. Description of Holotype male: Glittering orange-red with black markings. FwUp.: Almost half of the distal section is black, especially broad apically, narrowing towards tornus and projecting slightly inwardly along inner-margin. The boundary line between black and orange-red reaches the costa near cell-end where a black marking projects to close the cell. HwUp: Orange-red, except for a black clouding at base and along inner-edge, a blackish blotch on margin of area 7 and evidence of submarginal black spotting reduced to areas 1, 5 and 6, the spot in area 5 being much smaller than the one in 6. A thin black line borders the outer margin. A lobed tail, tipped white, extends from the tornus. Un.: Varying shades of ferruginous brown liberally adorned with metallic spots and streaks. Opposite the Up. orange-red of the Fw. the underside is also similarly coloured, only lighter and not glistening. Also in this area are some black markings and a black discal stripe. A male specimen of this race is figured in colour by Murray (1935). Allotype female: Paler, purer orange than male, not so bright; wing shape more obtuse. FwUp: Basal parts dusky-suffused. Discal areas bear 5 black spots, the one closing the cell the largest and the others grouped into 2 pairs on either side but below discocellular spot, the proximal pair more separated than the distal pair. Cilia orange-suffused along hind-margin clearer from apex and fading towards tornus, also narrowly fringed whitish but this A STUDY OF POECILMITIS PHOSPHOR (TRIMEN) 91 is only really visible when viewed under a low power lens. Black border not as broad as in males, in the apical area, but some- what broader towards tornus. HwUp.: Basal-costal area darker and more extensively dusky-suffused than in Fw. or the male Hw. This suffusion links up with the submarginal spotting to form a tapering pointed downward curve, as in a half-crescent. Cilia variable. Underside similar to the male but rather paler throughout. Distribution: Known only from near Balgowan (e.g. “Yellowwoods” farm), the Karkloof Falls area and from the vicinity of Eshowe in Natal, extending up to the escarpment forests of the eastern Transvaal as at Gaskop. Remarks: Although this subspecies of phosphor has been known since its discovery in Natal in 1921 and 1933 its dis- tinctness was not suspected mainly because the male of the eastern Cape form was not discovered until 1962 when L. Schroder caught one near Stutterheim. In addition, very few females of the latter form were extant and so it was only dur- ing 1963 when the author began amassing a goodly number from the neighbourhood of Stutterheim that the differences separating these two subspecies became more clearly ap- parent. Transvaal specimens, of which I examined only two males and one female, were found to be identical to Natal examples. Bowkeria phosphor phosphor (Trimen) Comb. n. Zeritis phosphor Trimen. 1864. Trans. ent. Soc. London 3 (2): 178 Bashee River, Caffraria. Neallotype: Male, Stutterheim, Cape Province, 22/8/1964 (C.D. Quickelberge). Additional material: Six males of which four are from Stut- terheim, one from Debe Nek and one from Fort Beaufort; also eight females all from Stutterheim. Description Neallatype Male: Glittering reddish-orange with black bor- ders and markings. Differs from the female in much the same way as sexes differ in the above description of borealis (see also Differential Diagnosis). Cilia whitish-fringed in Fw., brownish in Hw. FwUp.: Discocellular spot large and prominent. Two minute black spots in cell. HwUp.: Basal black scaling extends as a black suffusion (not altogether obscuring the orange ground-colour) well over discal area nearly to the half-way mark. A faint black line closes the cell. Submarginal row of black spots only absent in areas 2 and 3 although under a lens some faint indication of incipient spotting is visible in the form of dark individual scales in these area, especially in area 2. hid Un.: Very similar to female except that there is less metal- lic ‘one of the Hw. spots, many lacking this feature alto- gether. 92 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD 15/1V/72 Distribution: Found in the eastern Cape Province in forests covering higher ground i.e. off the coastal strip and stretching from Fort Beaufort through Debe Nek, Stutterheim and Ama- -bele to the Tsomo and Bashee Rivers. Remarks: Through the kindness of Mr G. E. Tite I was able to examine colour photographs of the holotype female of phosphor lodged at the British Museum. An examination of these left no doubt that this specimen is one of the nominate subspecies, thus necessitating the allocation of a new name to the Natal/Transvaal subspecies. Unfortunately the holo- type, a female caught by J. H. Bowker near the Bashee River, bears no date of capture but from inference must have been caught between the years 1860 and 1864. It is figured in colour by Trimen (1866). Owing to the apparent close resemblance between the two subspecies of phosphor the following diagnosis was prepared. Much time has been devoted to the study of these two forms and I have no doubt that they constitute two distinct taxa. As often is the case when studying allopatric populations no surety was reached as to whether the two forms were only subspecifically distinct or whether two species were involved. Until more is known about this species and the matter can be studied on a broader basis it was decided that it would be safer to relegate the two taxa to subspecific rank, leaving the way open to elevation to specific rank should evidence for this come to light later. This possibility is by no means remote, the differences appearing to me to be more of specific import. Differential Diagnosis Based on 29 specimens altogether, comprising 8 females and 7 males of nominate phosphor and 8 males and 6 females of B. p. borealis. Male Up.: In general outline the wing-shape in borealis is more angular or acute compared with the squatter, more ob- tuse lines, of the nominate race. This difference of build is even reflected in the markings or spots, which are narrower and less rounded in borealis than those of nominate phosphor. This is especially apparent in the markings of the Un. but on the upperside the effect is also discernible in the shape of the conspicous black spot closing the cell on the UpFw. which in phosphoris a prominent spot whereas in borealis it is better termed a bold streak. The tails also tend to differ along similar lines in that in borealis they are long and straight, not as twisted and short as in the east Cape form. In general Up. appearance borealis is a more striking insect due mainly to its crisp, more clear-cut lines. Nominate phosphor is by contrast somewhat duller and more blackish- suffused on the UpHw. about base, costa and inner margin. On this wing there is also a more extensive development of the submarginal row of black spots in phosphor and in one speci- men even the veins of the UpHw. are suffused with black. In phosphor these submarginal spots are usually only absent in A STUDY OF POECILMITIS PHOSPHOR (TRIMEN) 93 areas 2 and 3, being always present in area 4. Borealis usually has spots present only in areas 5 and 6 with a few specimens having them in 4 as well. Male Un.: The predominant brown coloration is darker and of a somewhat different colour in borealis, ranging from ferruginous along the hind-margins of the Hw. to lighter tints of the same colour over the rest of the wing. Over these parts phosphor is ferruginous on hind-margins, paling to greyish- ochreous elsewhere, sometimes tinged with vinaceous. The spots of borealis are more clearly defined and extensively metallic-scaled especially on the Hw. where virtually every spot glistens conspicuously. In phosphor the spots of the Hw. are more diffuse and have no metallic scales except towards the tornus. A few specimens, however, if closely examined have some, but not all, of the discal spots faintly metallic- scaled as well. Female Up.: In borealis the wing shape is, as in the male, more elongate, less square-cut, especially in Fw. which also has the outer margin more convex and often less elbowed than in phosphor. Also more rounded in borealis is the distal margin of the orange ground colour. This margin is often scalloped, this effect being produced by the black of the outer margin penetrating along the veins for short distances. How- ever, this character is variable and only faintly apparent in some specimens which, when like this, are not unlike some of the specimens of phosphor which show incipient trends in this direction. Generally, though, phosphor lacks any such scalloping. Tails as in the male borealis, i.e. longer and straighter than those of phosphor. On the UpFw. borealis very often has at least some indica- tion of black spotting over the orange discal areas besides the ever-present well-marked spot closing the cell. Sometimes there may even be 4 well-developed such spots arranged in two pairs. In phosphor this discal spotting is either absent or only faintly visible, never as well-developed as is normal for borealis. Female Un. In the Fw. the discal row of black spots forming a stripe from areas 1b to 4 terminate against vein 9 at a position either halfway between discocellular spot and the cluster of three spots situated distally towards apex or, as is most often the case, at a point closer to these three spots than to the discocellular spot (see illustration). In all females of phosphor this black discal stripe makes contact at its anter- ior end with the discocellular spot or, if not, very nearly so. This tendency towards the bunching up together of the above markings in phosphor and the greater spreading out of same in borealis is also noticeable in males but is not as easily described or obvious as in females. Due to insufficient material no thorough examination of a comprehensive series of genitalia dissections of both sub- species has been possible for purposes of comparison. Although 94 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD L5/TV/72 some differences of anellus, valve and uncus shape have been noted this can carry no weight until a greater series can be studied to determine the extent of individual variation in the genitalia of each taxon. Abbreviations used for wing surfaces are: —Up.—upper- side; Un.—underside; Fw. and Hw.—fore- and hind-wings; UpFw. and UpHw.—uppersides of fore- and hind-wings. Acknowledgments My sincere thanks are extended to Mr G. E. Tite of Tring, England, whose assistance in matters too numerous to mention has been of inestimable value. For constant encouragement and help thanks must also go to Mr C. G. C. Dickson of Cape Town. For the loan of specimens I wish to thank Messrs K. M. Pennington, Lionel Schroder, D. A. Swanepoel, J. C. McMaster and C. G. C. Dickson. Finally, a special word of thanks to Mr Pennington for sharing with me his rich fund of knowledge, gained at first hand, of this beautiful and interest- ing species. Literature Cited Clark, G. C. and Dickson, C. G. C. (1956). J. Ent. Soc. S. Afr., 19 (2): 195-215. Clark. C. G. and Dickson, C. G. C. (1971). Life Histories of the South African Lycaenid Butterflies. Cape Town. Murray, D. P. (1935). South African Butterflies. A Monograph of the Family Lycaenidae. London. Murray, D. P. (1958). Ann. S. Afr. Mus. 44 (6): 269-78 (plus 2 plates). Seitz (Aurivillius, C) (1925). Macrolepidoptera of the World. 13. Trimen, Roland (1866). Rhopalocera Africae Australis, 11. Cape Town. Trimen, Roland (1887). South African Butterflies, If. London. Joint Committee for the Conservation of British Insects. c/o Royal Entomological Society, 41 Queen’s Gate, London S.W. 7 A CODE FOR INSECT COLLECTING This Committee believes that with the ever-increasing loss of habitats resulting from agricultural, industrial, urban and recreationa! development the point has been reached where a code for collecting should be considered in the interests of con- servation of the British insect fauna, particularly macrolepi- doptera. The Committee considers that in many areas this loss has gone so far that that collecting, which at one time would have had a trivial effect, could now affect the survival in them of one or more species if continued without restraint. The Committee also believe that by subscribing to a code of collecting entomologists will show themselves to be a con- cerned and responsible body of naturalists who have a positive contribution to make to the cause of conservation. It asks all entomologists to accept the following code. Zee 2.3 2.4 3.4 CONSERVATION OF BRITISH INSECTS 95 Collecting — general No more specimens than are strictly required for any pur- pose should be killed. Readily identified insects should not be killed if the ob- ject is to ‘look them over’ for aberrations or other pur- poses: insects should be examined while alive and then released where they were captured. The same species should not be taken in numbers year after year from the same locality. Supposed or actual predators and parasites of insects should not be destroyed. When collecting leaf-mines, galls and seed heads never collect all that can be found; leave as many as possible to allow the population to recover. Consideration should be given to photography as an alter- native to collecting, particularly in the case of butterflies. Specimens for exchange, or disposal to other collectors, should be taken sparingly or not at all. For commercial purposes insects should be either bred or obtained from old collections. Insect specimens should not be used for the manufacture of ‘jewellery’. Collecting — rare and endangered species. Specimens of species listed by this Committee (and published in the entomological journals) should be collected with the greatest restraint. As a guide, the Committee suggests that a pair of specimens is sufficient, but that those species in the greatest danger should not be collected at all. The list may be amended from time to time if this proves to be necessary. Specimens of distinct local forms of Macrolepidoptera, particularly butterflies, should likewise be collected with restraint. Collectors should attempt to break new ground rather than collect a local or rare species from a well-known and perhaps over-worked locality. Previously unknown localities for rare species should be brought to the attention of this Committee. which under- takes to inform other organisation as appropriate, and only in the interests of conservation. Collecting — lights and light-traps. The ‘catch’ at light, particularly in a trap, should not be killed wholesale for subsequent examination. Live trapping, for instance in traps filled with egg-tray material, is the preferred method of _ collecting. Anaesthetics are harmful and should not be used. After examination of the catch the insects should be kept in cool, shady conditions and released away from the trap site at dusk. If this is not possible the insects should be released in long grass or other cover and not on lawns or bare surfaces. Unwanted insects should not be fed to fish or insecti- vorous birds and mammals. 0.2 9.9 0.4 3.0 9.6 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD 15/IV/72 It a trap used for scientific purposes is found to be catching rare or local species unnecessarily it should be resited. Traps and lights should be sited with care so as not to annoy neighbours or cause confusion. Collecting — permission and conditions. Always seek permission from landowner or occupier when collecting on private land. Always comply with any conditions laid down by the granting of permission to collect. When collecting on nature reserves, or sites of known interest to conservationists, suvply a list of species collected to the appropriate authority. When collecting on nature reserves it is particularly im- portant to observe the code suggested in section 5. Collecting — damage to the environment Do as little damage to the environment as possible. Re- member the interests of other naturalists; be careful of nesting birds and vegetation, particularly rare plants. When ‘beating’ for lepidopterous larvae or other insects never thrash trees and bushes so that foliage and twigs are removed. A sharp jarring of branches is both less damaging and more effective. Coleopterists and others working dead timber should re- place removed bark and worked material to the best of their ability. Not all the dead wood in a locality should be worked. Overturned stones and logs should be replaced in their original positions. Water weed and moss which has been worked for insects should be replaced in its appropriate habitat. Plant material in litter heaps should be replaced and not scattered about. Twigs, small branches and foliage required as foodplants or because they are galled, e.g. by clearwings, should be removed neatly with secateurs or scissors and not broken off. ‘Sugar’ should not be applied so that it renders tree- trunks and other vegetation unnecessarily unsightly. Exercise particular care when working for rare species, e.g. by searching for larvae rather than beating for them. Remember the Country Code! Breeding Breeding from a fertilised female or pairing in captivity is preferable to taking a series of specimens in the field. Never collect more larvae or other livestock than can be supported by the available supply of foodplant. Unwanted insects that have been reared should be re- leased in the original locality, not just anywhere. Before attempting to establish new populations or ‘rein- force’ existing ones please consult this Committee. 13th September 1971 BUTTERFLIES IN YUGOSLAVIA, 1971 97 Butterflies in Yugoslavia 1971 By A. G. Irwin F.B.E3S. (Concluded from p. 69) *Minois dryas Scop. Near Aleksin Han, July 10-Aug.9. Boracko Jezero, Aug. 22 Erebia euryale Esp. Boracko Jezero, July 25. (500m — a low altitude for this species). *Maniola jurtina L. SL — 800m. July 10-Aug. 50. Widespread. *Coenonympha pamphilus L. SL — 800m. July 1li-Aug. 30. Widespread. (Intermediate between normal form and f. lyllus). *Coenonympha arcania L. 150m.-500m. July 25-Aug. 30. Local. *Pararge aegeria tircus Butler. SL — 800m. July 12-Aug. 30. Widespread Lasiommata megera L. SL — 800m. july 11-Aug. 29. Wide- pread. Lasiommata petropolitana Fabr. 100m.-500m. July 18-Aug. 2. Local. *Hamearis lucina L. Boracko Jezero, Aug. 10. *Strymonidia spini Schiff. Borci, Aug. 8. *Lycaena phlaes L. SL — 500m. July 18-Aug. 23. Local. *Heodes virgaureae L. Borci, Aug. 8. *Syntarucus pirithous L. Hutovo Blato, July 16-Aug. 23. *Cupido minimus Fuessly. Borci, Aug. 24. *Philotes baton Bgstr. Hutovo Blato, Aug. 23. Scolitantides orion Pallas. Borci, July 25 and Boracko Jezero, July 25. *Aricia agestis Schiff. SL — 800m. July 24-Aug. 28. Local. *Aricia allous montensis Verity. Ostrazac, Aug. 20 (250m. — low for this butterfly). *Meleageria daphnis Schiff. Bora¢ko Jezero, July 25. (Fairly late for this species). *Lysandra coridon Poda. 250m-800m. July 23-Aug. 20. Although described as ‘“‘rare and local’ in the Balkans, this butterfly appeared quite widespread). *Polymmatus icarus Rott. SL — 500m. July 12-Aug. 30. Wide- spread. *Pyrgus serratulae Rambur. Hutovo Blato, Aug. 23-29 and Ostrazac, Aug. 20. (4m. — unusually low for this species). *Carchardodus alceae Esp. Hutovo Blato, Aug. 17-23. *Hesperia comma L. Borci Aug. 8. *Gegenes pumilio Hffmsgg. Hutovo Blato, Aug. 23. (This near- coastal region appears to be outside the known range of this skipper.) The specimens which were taken are to be deposited in the Ulster Museum. It is hoped that some work will be done on them, and an account of variations published in due course. The full list of records is being sent to the European In- vertebrate Survey. 98 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD 15/1V/72 Finally, the expedition members (i.e. the author, M. W. Parry, J. S. M. Albrecht and O. R. Chamerlain) would like to thank all those friends who helped them in England and Yugoslavia. Department of Zoology, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton, Hants., SO9 5NH. Two Collecting Trips in Europe during 1971 (2) THE ALPS OF AUSTRIA AND JUGOSLAVIA July to August 1971 By C. G. M. de Worms, M.A., Ph.D., F.R.E.S. In July 1964 I spent a period at Mallnitz, just south of the Tauern Massif in Carinthia and was joined there by Mr Russell Bretherton with whom I collected a large harvest of the Erebias and other choice local species (Ent. Rec., 77 (1965): 55-60). But when we tried for Erebia claudina Borkh. (arete Fab.), our chief quarry on that occasion, we found most of them were virtually over. We had been told that a cable car was to be built up the mountainside we had arduously ascended, so that I had promised myself to revisit the spot one day under these new and easier conditions for reaching it. The opportunity offered itself this year when Gen. Sir George Johnson invited me to join him on the latter part of his tour in those regions. I made arrangements to do so, but to return to Mallnitz before- hand. I accordingly set out on the morning of July 19, flying direct to Salzburg where I took one of the expresses that landed me at Mallnitz just south of the Tauern tunnel late that afternoon. I stayed once more at the Karntnerof Hotel which had been a very good haven for us in 1964. The next morning I set out early by taxi up the valley towards the tunnel as far as the Alpenrose Hotel, near which was the station of the cable car. Instead of a weary climb of some two hours to its first stop at the Hochalmblick, I was there in a matter of a few minutes, but without any sun. However the clouds cleared about mid- day and immediately the first small Erebias started to fly among both short and long herbage just at 7000 ft. These nearly all proved to be males of E. claudina in perfect condition, and I was very pleased to see them in such profusion as there were fears the site of the upper cable car station might destroy their chief habitat. With them were also flying a few E. pharte Hiibn. past their best, together with an occasional worn E. oeme Hubn., and fresher Coenonympha gardetta de Prunner (satyrion Esp.). The only Skipper was the high level Pyrgus cacaliae Ramb. It was an encouraging start and the next day, July 21 I revisited another of our haunts of seven years pre- viously. This was the Housleralmblick just to the south of Mallnitz and reached by rather a perilous chair lift up to just TWO COLLECTING TRIPS IN EUROPE DURING 1971 99 600 ft. Fortunately it was sunny without much wind when I explored a sheltered path where some long grass seemed to harbour a host of Erebias, most of which proved to be E. pharte with a sprinkling of E. euryale Esp. in a very dark form with little markings referable to f. ocellaris Staud. Further near a mountain stream there was a host of insects flying. Among the most interesting were males of Pieris bryoniae Hiibn. in a very heavily veined form. I teok fresh males of Vacciniia optilete Knoch and Aricia eumedon Esp. while the only Skipper obtained turned out to be Pyrgus andromedae Wallengren, never a common insect. A few Boloria pales Schiff. were also about. Later that day I thought I would revisit a luscious spot under a tall cliff which had been the home of a flourishing colony of Albulina orbitulus de Prun. (pheretes Esp.) but to my dismay as I approached, I saw from afar a huge bull standing in the very place where this little Blue flew in 1964. As it espied me very aggressively, I beat a hasty retreat. My only further captures were a few male V. optilete somewhat worn. I was once more up the Tauern slopes on July 22, a lovely day when the cable car took me to the second station at Hannover- hiitte at a little over 9000 ft. but I was surprised not to see any of the high level Erebias at this altitude. However, returning lower to the Hochalmblick I found E. claudina now in greater numbers than before with the attractive pale females just emerging in which the white pupils on the underside of the hindwings are more pronounced than in the darker male. But an even more interesting member of this ubiquitous genus were males of E. nivalis Lorkovic and de Lesse with its rounded fore- wings and brilliant blue-grey underside. Mr B. C. Warren had particularly asked me to look out for this species at this alti- tude, since in 1964 some 1000 ft. lower down we took E. cas- sioides Hohenwarth. A few worn E. pandrose Borkh. (lappona Thunb.) were also also on the wing. I spent a final day in this lovely alpine area on the 23rd in bright sunshine again among a galaxy of these small Erebias, interspersed with an occasional Colias phicomone Esp. careering over the slopes. For my last morning, through a chance conversation with some tourists, I tried some new ground to the east of the railway station among a thick fir forest where E. euryale was swarming. At this lower level of 5000 ft. Clossiana euphrosyne Linn. was still flying, with some Mellicta athalia Rott. A little higher in the fringe of the tree-line a small glade, some hundred yards square I netted seven species of Erebia including E. claudina, E. alberganus de Prun (ceto Hiibn.), E. melampus Fuessli, E. manto Schiff., E. euryale, E. pharte and E. oeme. A heavy thunderstorm ended the morning’s collecting and had hardly cleared in the afternoon when Gen. Sir George Johnson, who had come up from Villach, picked me up in Mallnitz and we drove some forty miles westwards to Heiligen- blut at the foot of the Gross Glockner. We put up at the very well-appointed Ruppertihaus Hotel. We set out early on July 25 in brilliant sunshine for the higher alps, but it involved pay- 100 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD 15 /1IV7i2 ing a toll of about £2 for each journey up the big mountain road to the Glockner. On halting near a promising grassy slope half way up we found the area alive with butterflies in the greatest profusion. Boloria napaea Hffmsg. was swarming, skimming over the galaxy of flora. The two chief Erebias at this level were E. pharte and E. manto, while the Blues were mainly represented by Polyommatus eros Ochs. and Cyaniris semiargus Rott. A few miles further up at just about 7000 ft. we again stopped to sample the luscious slopes. On climbing up a steep bank my first capture was the tiny fritillary Mellicta asteria Freyer, apparently in the very area from which Mr B. C. Warren had received specimens some 40 years previously. We found this little insect seemed to hug the driest parts of the slopes where the herbage was shortest and was never to be seen among the longer grass. At this altitude Erebia nivalis males were quite numerous while E. epiphron Knoch. and E. melampus Fuessli appeared with Euphydryas debilis Oberthur, the little mountain fritillary like a small edition of E. aurinia Rott. The two high level Blues Agriades glandon de Prunner and Albulina orbitulus de Prunner (pheretes Huibn.) were also in fair numbers, but one of the most plentiful species was the little Skipper Pyrgus sifanicus Gr.-Grsh. together with P. cacaliae in less quantity. We revisited this glorious region with its grand view of the Glockner glacier on the two following days, the 26th and 27th. In addition to the species already mentioned we recorded Parnassius apolio Linn. as well as Hesperia comma Linn., Eumedonia chiron Rott. and Cupido minimus Fuessli. Females of E. nivalis were just starting. We had a very successful three days under ideal conditions and the rediscovery of M. asteria in this area was the most important feature. A few weeks earlier Gen. Johnson had visited northern Yugoslavia in the hope of seeing Neptis hylas Linn. But the second brood had not appeared. So he suggested a return to that country to make a further attempt to see this eastern butterfly in its native haunts. I was naturally very agreeable to this course. So we duly turned southwards on July 28 down the valley to Villach, then on by the new motorway to Klagen- furt. We crossed the Karawanken range by the Loibl Pass, with its grand scenery and then emerged into Yugoslavia from the mile-long tunnel at the summit. Just south of Lublijana we got on to the Autoput which runs through the centre of the country all the way to the Greek border. After some 250 miles from our start we put up at the very comfortable Turist Hotel at Brezice, some 20 miles west of Zagreb which was our venue early the next day. After passing through the city we stopped at the base of a wooded valley to the north to which Gen. Johnson had been conducted by Prof. Lorkovic three weeks before with very good results. As soon as we arrived, we spotted Neptis hylas gliding round the bushes, a most attractive insect which proved to be quite numerous, though some specimens were already past their best. Another welcome species as we TWO COLLECTING TRIPS. IN EUROPE DURING 1971 101 ascended the forest path overlooking the gorge, was Leptidea morsei Fenton, readily distinguishable from its smaller relative L. sinapis Linn. flying with it by its larger size and lighter mark- ings. Many blues were settled on flowers or flitting about the thick herbage. One special slope seemed to harbour the lovely Meleageria daphnis Schiff. with blue females as well as Scoli- tantides orion Pall. which needed selecting for good specimens. Among the smaller Lycaenids were fresh Everes argiades Pall. and a few worn E. decolorata Stgdr. The large Satyrid Hipparchia fagi Scop. was dashing up and down the clearing with a few Melanargia galatea Linn. We also saw Nymphalis antiopa Linn. but Apatura iris Linn. which apparently had been so plentiful during the first half of the month, did not put in an appearance. I had, however, a stroke of good fortune in net- ting a female Argynnis paphia Linn. in full flight which turned out to be a remarkable aberration in which the silver bands on the underside hindwings merged into a complete wedge of silver covering half of the wing base, very similar to ab. argyrorrhytes Alphéraki which is said to come from the Caucasus. We revisited this fine locality the morning of July 30 and found N. hylas again quite numerous together with most of the other insects already referred to, but the sky soon be- came overcast and we motored up to the top of the local high ground by a very tortuous road through beech woods but very little was on the wing during the afternoon. We set out early on July 31 back westwards, reaching the small town of Kranjske Gora by mid-day. This spot, set in the Julian Alps in the corner of Yugoslavia where it joins both Austria and Italy, had been visited by Dr and Mrs Higgins in 1960 (vide Entomologist (1961), 94: 82-83) when they were like us, in search of Erebia styx trentae Lorkovic. Our haven on this occasion was the very modern Prisank Hotel. Later in the day I surveyed the fir woods just south up the adjoining valley. The area was alive with butterflies among which Erebia ligea Linn. was most prominent, though many were already imperfect. Other Satyrids were Pararge maera Linn. and Coenonympha arcania Linn., while Lysandra coridon Poda was quite numerous. The chief burnet was Zygaena transalpina Esp. August opened with a very fine and warm day when we set out southwards to go over the remarkable Vrsic Pass with its forty hairpins which has to be negotiated with great care on the descent into the Trenta Valley. Near the base of the southern side of the pass many Erebias were flying. Those which hugged the rock faces lining the road were mostly male E. stirius Godart which was just starting to appear. But in spite of the sunshine and warmth there were on the whole very few species of butterflies. Somewhat worn Erebia aethiops Esp. were fluttering in the woods accompanied by fresh male E. pronoé Esp. The only Blue was Lysandra coridon. We re- visited this area the next three days crossing the pass by this very rugged and tortuous route. On the 2nd we took the first Erebia styx trentae with two fine females which were much 102 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD 15/1/72 brighter and with larger spots than those of E. sirius which were also now on he wing. A few Melitaea didyma Esp. also flying. On the 3rd we made a halt at the summit of the pass at 5300 ft. but only found E. epiphron and E. euryale. Pieris ergane G.-H. was taken among the rocky wooded slopes. On our final day, August 4, E. styx males were more numerous and fairly easy to distinguish from E. stizrius. We also saw a single Nymphalis polychloros Linn. and Aricia allous G.-H. We set out on August 5 from Kranjske Gora on the main road into the corner of Italy turning north at Tarvisio towards Villach. We then followed the road that skirts the Worthersee to the south, stopping near a small marsh which a week earlier had been very productive of Coenonympha tullia Mull. On this occasion this species was still on the wing and fresh with some very well-marked females. In fact the whole population in this very restricted locality had the undersides with large eyespots somewhat similar to our Witherslack race which is very un- usual for continental forms. Later that day, in very hot con- ditions, we moved on to Klagenfurt and revisited a piece of ground which had proved very productive in 1964 when I was with Mr R. Bretherton. On this occasion it did not disappoint especially as the species of broom (Cytisus) which is the food- plant of Colias myrmidone Esp., was in much greater abun- dance than seven years earlier. It was not long before we saw this fine insect careering about the stubble together with a number of C. croceus Fourcroy. They could only be distin- guished when netted which was by no means an easy achieve- ment. Colias hyale Linn. was also fairly numerous, mainly patronising a patch of lucerne. Among the wealth of species in this spot was Minois dryas Scop., Erebia euryale Esp., Argynnis paphia Linn., Mellicta athalia Rott., Inaches io Linn., Everes argiades Pall. We stayed overnight in Villach and re- turned to this rich area the following morning, under equally warm weather, seeing nearly all the butterflies of the pre- vious day as well as quite a lot of Coenonympha iphis Schiff. and more Colias of all three species. | That afternoon we took the car train from Villach back over the Tauern Tunnel thence through Salzburg to Cologne and the Rhine valley, eventually reaching Ostend by midday on August 6. Driving some 80 miles to Boulogne we took the boat ferry to Dover and were back in Surrey late that night after what had been a most enjoyable and successful visit to this delightful part of Europe where we recorded just over 80 species of butterflies. The Butterflies of the Isle of Wight By T. D. FEARNCHOUGH (Concluded from p. 64) Limenitis camilla Linn. (White Admiral) The localities for this butterfly given by Morey in 1909 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE ISLE OF WIGHT 103 were: Parkhurst Forest, Quarr Copse and Whitefield Wood. Fassnidge added nothing to this in 1923. Today the species is widespread and locally common. It was still to be seen in numbers in Whitefield Wood until the wood was recently felled. It occurs now at: Parkhurst Forest Firestone Copse, Combley Great Wood, Rowlands Wood, AI- verstone, Hamstead, Newton, Whippingham and Cranmore. Several second brood specimens were seen on blackberries by Miss Newnham in October 1969 at Luccombe. Ab. semi-nigrina was recorded near Ventnor in 1921 by E. Cornell. Apatura iris Linn. (Purple Emperor) Although there are no recent records, one likes to hope the Purple Emperor may still occur in Parkhurst Forest or in the likely looking area between Parkhurst and Hamstead. Very old records are for: Parkhurst, Freshwater, Whitefield, Brading and Yarmouth. RIODINDAE Hamearis lucina Linn. (Duke of Burgundy Fritillary) This species has declined over the years to vanishing point. The 1909 localities were: Borthwood, Combley, Quarr Copse, Apse Down, Totland Bay, Parkhurst Forest and Haven Street. Specimens were reported seen at Blackgang in 1928. In 1950 J. Wright discovered a thriving colony near Cranmore, but unfortunately the piece of woodland containing it was felled the following year and lucina was not seen there again. In the mid 1950s the butterfly was found in Bullen Wood near Ryde but no longer occurs there. This wood is now overgrown and is used as a dump for waste. In 1960 J. Lobb found lucina at Whippingham, but it has not been recorded there again. The exact locality is not known so it may still be pre- sent in the area. During the past few years A. H. Greenham and the writer have made a survey of some of the lucina loca- lities without success until June 1971, when the writer saw a single worn female at Hamstead. LYCAENIDAE Callophris rubi Linn. (Green Hairstreak) This inconspicuous butterfly is widespread but never seen locally in quantity. It may be found in such widely differing localities as, rides in Parkhurst Forest, chalk slopes on various downs, heathland on Shanklin Down and by the shore at Comp- ton Bay. Theda quercus Linn. (Purple Hairstreak) Present in most wooded areas including; Parkhurst Forest, Firestone Copse, Combley Great Wood, Rowlands Wood, America Wood, Hamstead, Cranmore, Bouldnor, Newtown, Freshwater, Alverstone, Whippingham. 104 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD 1L5/TVSi2 The status of this butterfly seems to have changed little over the years. Thecla betulae Linn. (Brown Hairsteak) The Brown Hairstreak has always been a rare species in the Island. In old records are mentioned; Haven Street, Ryde, Quarr, Whippingham and the Undercliff. Shalfleet is given in the Proceedings of the Isle of Wight Natural History and Archeological Society for 1928. In more recent times J. Wright found larvae commonly at Cranmore in 1950. A single larva was beaten from blackthorn at Cranmore by the writer 8 June 1964, and it was reared by A. H. Greenham to give a female specimen. Strymonidia w-album (White-letter Hairstreak) This butterfly was not mentioned at all by Morey, but Fass- nidge gave Cornell’s note “very rare, one locality only.” Cor- nell’s favourite hunting ground was the area around Ventnor and it seems likely that his w-album locality was near Ventnor for it was reported there in the late 1940s. The insect was taken at Whippingham by J. Lobb in 1951 (Proc. Isle of Wight Nat. Hist. Soc., 4: 188) and larvae of w- album were found at Cowes by J. Lobb in May 1952. In the years 1964-1966 the butterfly was common at Newtown and presumably it still occurs there. Plebejus argus Linn. (Silver Studded Blue) Always a scarce insect on the Island, old records give: west side of Parkhurst Forest (Poole 1902), newport (Owen), Ham- stead (Bond). Cornell recorded the insect occurring in the Ventnor area in 1921, and J. Wright rediscovered it at Hampstead in small numbers in 1947. Aricia agestis Schiff. (Brown Argus) This butterfly has declined in numbers during the past ten years. Morey gave as localities; St Boniface Down, Bembridge Down and Brading Down which are on the chalk. Away from the chalk he gave Yaverland, Whitecliff Bay and Haven Street. At the present time agestis occurs rather sparingly at a number of localities along the chalk range including; Culver, Brading, Arreton, Brook, Compton and Freshwater. Away from the chalk it was recorded at Cranmore by J. Wright in 1947 and at Alverstone in 1955. It also still occurs in the small chalk area near Ventnor. A fine aberration having all the lunules pale yellow in colour was captured on the chalk by the writer, August 13, 1963, and a similar specimen was captured in the same locality by oF Johnstone in 1968. Polyommatus icarus Rott. (Common Blue) Icarus is widespread over the Island but its numbers have become greatly reduced in recent years. The Island specimens THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE ISLE OF WIGHT 105 have no special features, and aberrations of any kind are extremely rare. Even the commoner aberrations such as ab. arcuata are infrequent. Lysandra bellargus Rott. (Adonis Blue) This is another species which has greatly diminished in numbers. It is restricted to the chalk area. Morey gave as localities: Bowcomb Down, Carisbrooke, Mottistone, Fresh- water, St Boniface Down and Bembridge Down. Tutt (Brit. Butts., 3: 379, 1908-09) gives most of the above localities and adds Brading. Fassnidge in 1923 added no further information. In 1921 it was so abundant in the Ventnor area that Cornell was able to report the examination for aberrations of 2000 specimens. J. Wright recorded bellargus at Compton in 1926. The butterfly was still to be found in small numbers at Brading in 1969. On St Boniface and Rew downs near Ventnor it lingered on to about 1960 but has not been noted recently. The Rew Down headquarters was destroyed by refuse tipping. A small colony existed on Westover Down to 1969 when most of its ground was ploughed up for barley growing. However bellargus still occurs in small numbers in several very restricted localities on the chalk range. In August 1970 a very fine underside aberration was ob- tained by the writer which, using Leed’s nomenclature could be described as caeca+ fowleri+ ante sagittata+ post albescens. Lysandra coridon Poda. (Chalk-hill Blue) Although Morey stated that this butterfly was common on the chalk and upper greensand it now seems to be restricted to the chalk for breeding grounds. Specimens do tend to wander from breeding areas and may sometimes be encountered in unlikely places. It has suffered great loss in numbers in some of the former best localities such as Brading and Ventnor, where it was once abundant, and attracted collectors searching for aberrations. In both these places it occurs now in very small numbers. Tutt (Brit. Butterflies, 4: 101) gave the localities; near Newport, Freshwater, Carisbrooke, Ventnor, St Boniface Down; Brading Down, Bembridge Down, near Shanklin, Limpet Run, Gurnard Bay. The last three localities are not on the chalk. At the present time coridon occurs, generally in small num- bers, in localities along the full length of the chalk range. Over the years a number of fine aberrations have been captured on the Island. A specimen of ab. radiata captured in 1928 was in the Burton collection when it was sold in 1962. J. Johnstone obtained a beautiful specimen of ab. extrema in 1967. In 1970 the writer captured a female specimen of ab. arcuata which also showed homoeosis on the underside and inaequalis on the upperside. Other aberrations which have been caught on the Island over the years include: discreta, glomerata, obsolet, caeca, fowleri and albescens. A feature of the island coridon is the absence of any ten- dency to blue scaling on the uppersides of females, 106 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD 15/IV/72 Celastrina argiolus Linn. (Holly Blue). Morey described this butterfly as fairly common and gave a short list of localities. The species might be met with any- where on the Island as occasional specimens, but there have been local concentrations from time to time. Through the nineteen sixties argiolus was a rarity but in 1970 it became evident in many places and in 1971 was still more frequent. At Borthwood in mid-May about twenty of the insects were flying around holly trees in blossom, a larger number than the total number observed in the area during the previous ten years. Cupido minimus Fuess]l. (Small Blue) This insect occurs in colonies and is very local. Morey’s 1909 localities were: Shanklin, Ventnor, Carisbrooke, Totland, Freshwater, Bonchurch and Sandown. Tutt (Brit. Butterflies, 3: 146, 1908-09) gave Totland Bay, Niton, Carisbrooke and Freshwater. Of these localities it is now known, with certainty, to occur only at Freshwater. During the nineteen fifties minimus was plentiful on Brad- ing Down but at the present time its number is greatly diminished. It was found at Compton Bay by J. M. Chalmers- Hunt and was seen there in small numbers by the writer in May 1971. There are probably other localities on the Island where the insect occurs but has so far been overlooked. Lycaena phlaeas Linn. (Small Copper) Phlaeas is yet another species which has greatly diminished in numbers in recent years. It may be encountered singly anywhere on the Island but it is no longer to be seen locally in large numbers. There are however favoured localities, where in small numbers it occurs ever year. These include; St Boniface Down, Rew Down, St George’s Down, Bouldner and St Helens Duver. Few aberrations have ben recorded for the Island. A broad- margined form captured in 1941 was in the Burton collection when sold in 1962, and a specimen showing homoeosis is men- tioned by South (Butterflies of the British Isles, p. 153). PIERIDAE Pieris brassicae Linn. (Large White) This species is common in most years. It is not restricted to gardens and cultivated land, but occurs also in open parts of the woods, on downland and along the southern coastline. The wild stock (Mathiola incana) grows profusely in places on the sea cliffs and may possibly be used at a foodplant by brassicae but as it grows in inaccessible places the possibility has not been explored. There seems to be no record of any unusual variation. Pieris rapae Linn. (Small White) Usually common and in some years abundant. Summer brood specimens may sometimes be seen in large numbers on THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE ISLE OF WIGHT 107 the slopes of the chalk downs, presumably attracted from nearby agricultural land by the profusion of flowers. Specimens of ab. praeterita and ab. nigropuncta were captured in August 1963. Pieris napi Linn. (Green-veined White) Widespread but not abundant anywhere. In Morey’s “Guide” it is stated that strongly marked specimens occur at Newchurch and throughout the valley of the Eastern Yar, but such specimens have not been noted in recent years. Anthocaris cardamines Linn. (Orange Tip) This butterfly is widespread but less common than formerly for it has suffered severely from the spraying of roadsides and lane verges with hormone weedkillers. For several successive years spraying was carried out in late May or in early June, just when the eggs and young larvae were present on the main foodplant, Hedge Garlic. Fortunately spraying has been much reduced during the past two years. A specimen having the forewing tips deep yellow in colour rather than orange was bred from a larva found at Alverstone in 1969. A specimen which appeared to be a complete gynan- dromorph was observed briefly by Mr A. H. Greenham in his garden at Shanklin in 1968 but it eluded capture. Gonopteryx rhamni Linn. (Brimstone) Generally common in the wooded areas in most parts of the Island. Eggs and larvae are usually to be found on Alder Buckthorn. Localities are: Alverstone (Borthwood, Firestone Copse, Parkhurst Forest, Cranmore, Newtown. In “Varieties of British Butterflies” by E. W. Frohawk an aberration having orange suffused forewings is figured. It was captured at