JHR 86: I-17 (2021) go, JOURNAL OF Seewtertensentean
doi: 10.3897/jhr.86.69998 RESEARCH ARTICLE () Hymenopter a
https://jhr.pensoft.net The Inarasional Society of Hymenopeeriss, RESEARCH

Three new species and two new records of
the genus Phaenocarpa Foerster (Hymenoptera,
Braconidae, Alysiinae) from South Korea

Ju-Hyeong Sohn", Cornelis van Achterberg?, Gyeonghyeon Lee!, Hyojoong Kim!
yeong g yeongny yo) g

| Animal Systematics Lab., Department of Biology, Kunsan National University, Gunsan, 54150, Republic of
Korea 2 State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Ministry of Agriculture / Key Lab of Agricultural Entomology,
Institute of Insect Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China

Corresponding author: Hyojoong Kim (hkim@kunsan.ac.kr)

Academic editor: Jose Fernandez-Triana | Received 11 June 2021 | Accepted 3 October 2021 | Published 29 October 2021
http.//z00 bank. org/5E60582B-54FE-4856-8 1 95-8BB4A3E 1A264

Citation: Sohn J-H, van Achterberg C, Lee G, Kim H (2021) Three new species and two new records of the genus
Phaenocarpa Foerster (Hymenoptera, Braconidae, Alysiinae) from South Korea. Journal of Hymenoptera Research 86:

1-17. https://doi.org/10.3897/jhr.86.69998

Abstract

The species of the genus Phaenocarpa Foerster, 1863 (Braconidae: Alysiinae) from South Korea are revised,
and the genus is recorded for the first time from South Korea. Three species, Phaenocarpa artotemporalis
sp. nov., P brachyura sp. nov. and P lobata sp. nov., are new to Science, and two species, P masha Beloko-
bylskij, 1998 and P fidelis Fischer, 1970, are newly recognized in South Korea. They are described and
illustrated herein with a provision of the identification key to the Korean species. In addition, the DNA
barcode region of the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COZ) has been analyzed for the six

species including P ruficeps for genetic comparison.

Keywords

COI barcode, cyclostome, koinobiont, natural enemy, parasitoid wasp, systematics, taxonomy

Introduction

The subfamily Alysiinae is a relatively large taxon among the family Braconidae, and is
subdivided into two tribes; the tribes Alysiini with 76 genera and Dacnusini with 31

* The authors contributed equally to this paper.

Copyright Ju-Hyeong Sohn et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC
BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

2 Ju-Hyeong Sohn et al. / Journal of Hymenoptera Research 86: 1-17 (2021)

genera (Yu et al. 2016). The two tribes are distinguished by the presence (or absence)
of fore wing vein r-m as a main key character (Shaw and Huddleston 1991). Alysiinae
occurs worldwide and contains over 2,440 valid species (Yu et al. 2016), of which
180 species in 21 genera are listed in the National Species List of South Korea (NIBR
2019). This group is known as koinobiont endoparasitoids of dipterous larvae, using
their mandible (with three or four teeth, rarely more or less) to break open the pupari-
um of the host. Some of them, such as Dacnusa sibirica in Dacnusini, are commercially
utilized in biological control for Liriomyza trifolii (Abd-Rabou 2006).

The genus Phaenocarpa Foerster, 1863 is a large and worldwide distributed genus
of Alysiinae, which includes 228 species with nine subgenera (Yu et al. 2016; Zhu et
al. 2017). Phaenocarpa species are known as koinobiont endoparasitoids, mainly in
larvae of Dipteran species of Anthomyiidae, Chloropidae, Clusiidae, Drosophilidae,
Muscidae, Scathophagidae, Sciomyzidae, Syrphidae and Muscidae (Wharton 1984;
van Achterberg 1998, 2009).

In the Korea, Papp (1968, 1994) has recorded four species thus far; Phaenocarpa
(Discphaenocarpa) angustipera Papp, 1968, P (Phaenocarpa) eunice (Haliday, 1838), P
(P) picinervis (Haliday, 1838) and P (P) ruficeps (Nees, 1812). In this study, we present
new morphological characters and the barcoding sequences of the CO/ region of three
new species (P artotemporalis sp. nov., P brachyura sp. nov. and P lobata sp. nov.) and
two newly recorded species (P masha Belokobylskij, 1998, P fidelis Fischer, 1970) plus
one previously recorded species, P ruficeps. Descriptions, diagnoses, an identification
key and photographs of the diagnostic characters are also provided.

Materials and methods

Samples used in this study were collected with Malaise traps in South Korea at the DMZ
Botanical Garden, Mandae-ri, Haean-myeon, Yanggu-gun, Gangwon-do. Sorting and
preparation were done at the Animal Systematics Lab. (ASL), Department of Biolo-
gy, Kunsan National University (KSNU) at Gunsan. For morphological identification,
Wharton et al. (1997) and Zhu et al. (2017) were used. Morphological characters were
observed with a Leica M205C stereo microscope. The Taxapad database (Yu et al. 2016)
was used for references. We followed the terminology of Wharton (2002) and van Achter-
berg (1993). The type specimens are deposited KNA (Korea National Arboretum).

A Leica DMC2900 digital camera and a Leica M205 C microscope (Leica Geosys-
tems AG) were used for photography and several pictures being taken for each height
using multi-focusing technology. LAS V4.11 (Leica Geosystems AG) and Helicon-
Focus 7 (Helicon Soft) software were used for stacking work. After stacking work,
illustrations were created using Adobe Photoshop CS6.

Extraction of DNA was done in ASL, KSNU. Whole genomic DNA was extracted
from the specimens by using a DNeasy Blood & Tissue kit (QIAGEN Inc., Dusseldorf,
Germany) following the manufacturer's protocol. In order to conserve morphologically
complete voucher specimens, DNA extraction method was used slightly modified from

Three new species and two new records of the genus Phaenocarpa from South Korea 3

‘non-destructive method’ by Favret (2005) and ‘freezing method’ by Yaakop et al. (2009).
In the original protocol, the sample was crushed or wounded, and then soaked with
180 ul of buffer ATL + 20 ul of proteinase, following by three hours over incubation at
55 °C. In the slightly modified DNA extraction methods, samples were soaked with 180
ul of buffer ATL + 20 pl of proteinase K without destroying the sample, followed by 10
minutes incubation at 55 °C and then kept in a freezer at -22 °C overnight. After that the
general protocol was used for the remaining steps. The primer set of LCO-1490 (5’-GGT-
CAACAAATCATAAAGATATTGG-3’) and HCO-2198 (5’°-TAAACTTCAGGGT-
GACCAAAAAATCA-3’) was used to amplify approximately 658 bp as the partial front
region of the COL. The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) products were amplified by us-
ing AccuPowerH PCR PreMix (BIONEER, Corp., Daejeon) in 20 pl reaction mixtures
containing 0.4 uM of each primer, 20 uM of the dNTPs, 20 uM of the MgCl, and 0.05
ug of the genomic DNA template. PCR amplification was performed using a GS1 ther-
mo-cycler (Gene Technologies, Ltd., U.K) according to the following procedure: initial
denaturation at 95 °C for 5 min, followed by 34 cycles at 94 °C for 35 sec; an annealing
temperature of 48 °C for 25 sec; an extension at 72 °C for 45 sec, and a final extension at
72 °C for 5 min. The PCR products were visualized by electrophoresis on a 1.5% agarose
gel. A single band was observed, purified using a QIAquick PCR purification kit (QIA-
GEN, Inc.), and then sequenced directly using an automated sequencer (ABI Prism 3730
XL DNA Analyzer) at Macrogen Inc. (Seoul, South Korea).

Sequence alignment was performed in MEGA version 7 (Kumar et al. 2016) with
ClustalW tool. To estimate the pairwise genetic distances, the P-distance model was

conducted using MEGA version 7.

Results

A total of 589 bp of the CO/ fragments were sequenced from P fidelis, P masha, P. lo-
bata sp. nov., P artotemporalis sp. nov., P brachyura sp. nov., P. ruficeps, which were de-
posited in GenBank (accession numbers MZ318083—MZ318088). Pairwise distances
were estimated by using the P-distance model with the option for pairwise deletion.
As results, the morphologically very similar P artotemporalis sp. nov. showed a large
genetic difference by 12% either from P brachyura sp. nov. or from P /obata sp. nov. In
addition, P brachyura sp. nov. differed by 7% from P lobata sp. nov.

Table |. CO/ pairwise genetic distances between the Phaenocarpa species known from South Korea.

Phaenocarpa Phaenocarpa Phaenocarpa Phaenocarpa Phaenocarpa Phaenocarpa

fidelis masha lobata artotemporalis brachyura ruficeps
Phaenocarpa fidelis 0.00
Phaenocarpa masha 0.122 0.00
Phaenocarpa lobata 0.053 0.126 0.00
Phaenocarpa artotemporalis 0.124 0.151 0.127 0.00
Phaenocarpa brachyura 0.071 0.136 0.071 0.122 0.00

Phaenocarpa ruficeps 0.097 0.121 0.087 0.139 0.107 0.00

4 Ju-Hyeong Sohn et al. / Journal of Hymenoptera Research 86: 1-17 (2021)

Phaenocarpa Foerster, 1863

Phaenocarpa Foerster, 1863: 267; Papp 1968: 570; Fischer 1970: 409; Shenefelt 1974:
1003; Wharton 1980: 96; Chen and Wu 1994: 114; Belokobylskij 1998: 233.
Type species: Alysia picinervis Haliday, 1838.

Synonymy. Homophyla Foerster, 1863 (subgenus); Mesothesis Foerster, 1863; Sathra
Foerster, 1863; Idiolexis Foerster, 1863 (subgenus); Asynaphes Provancher, 1886; Kahl-
ia Ashmead, 1900 (subgenus); Stiralysia Cameron, 1910; Rhopaloneura Stelfox, 1941;
Discphaenocarpa Belokobylskij, 1998 (subgenus); Neophaenocarpa Belokobylskij, 1998
(subgenus); Sibphaenocarpa Belokobylskij, 1998 (subgenus); Uncphaenocarpa Beloko-
bylskij, 1998 (subgenus); Ussurphaenocarpa Belokobylskij, 1998 (subgenus); Clistalysia
Zhu, van Achterberg & Chen, 2017 (subgenus).

Diagnosis. Third antennal segment shorter than fourth segment; fore wing vein
2—SR shorter than vein 3-SR, vein CU1b longer than vein 3—CU1.

Biology. Koinobiont endoparasitoids of larvae of Dipteran species (Wharton 1984).

Distribution. Cosmopolitan.

Identification key to the Korean Phaenocarpa species

1 Temples distinctly striate ventrally; mesopleuron largely coarsely sculptured;
face laterally extensively and finely striate; [wing membrane distinctly infus-
(Seka) eA BV Ny mee ols Vy 1s eerie 20 FSW P. angustiptera Papp, 1968
— Temples smooth ventrally; mesopleuron largely smooth, except for area of
precoxal ‘suleus::face laterally smooth ormearlyiso.:222. Sen. Ree ee 2
2, Vein r-m of fore wing bordered with blackish setae, resulting in an infuscated
eae Fires ce and ee cece iss es cSt sa ects P. picinervis (Haliday, 1838)
Vein r-m of fore wing normal, not bordered with blackish setae (Fig. 6C) ..3
3 Mandible very slender, approx. 2.3 times longer than wide... eee eee
PEP 2h AP Hes es Pilko senses eh i extent eae rn ies ee ere sch ee P. eunice (Haliday, 1838)
— Mandible more robust, at most 1.9 times longer than wide (Fig. 6L).......... 4
4 Scutellar sulcus evenly narrowed medially, 3-5 times wider than its median
length (Fig. 6F); head more or less reddish or yellowish brown (Fig. 6D)......
Sr ee ee rT ee ere a eres ee Rr ee eee P. ruficeps (Nees, 1812)
— Scutellar sulcus wide medially, 2—3 times wider than long medially (Fig. 4F);
head: dark’ browntor blacks (Picea). 15.001 aneastangiontivereanmnelonresetogebivianddueeathas 5
5 First tooth of mandible gradually connected to second tooth, forming a
straight or arcuate connection (Fig. 4L); first metasomal tergite subparallel-
sided, 1.7—2.0 times longer than its apical width (Fig. 4H); [ovipositor sheath
ASMON Gas: MAC otal to excioNe rand tastes WisedtaRaaieene desc P. fidelis Fischer, 1970
- First tooth of mandible separated from second tooth by incision (Fig. 1L);
first tergite gradually widened posteriorly, 1.1—1.8 times longer than its apical
ricci isons EIS 2 IA GLI Met lascns <ascalssSacese cession thn Pets Senora leans oh Mol stad ast 6

Three new species and two new records of the genus Phaenocarpa from South Korea 5

6 Eye in dorsal view 4.0—4.5 times as long as temple (Fig. 1D); propleuron red-
dish brown (Fig. 1F); notauli reduced posteriorly (Fig. 1G)... eee
PRP a Rd BON ee da tte at Ana hE P. artotemporalis sp. nov.
— Eye in dorsal view 2.0—3.0 times as long as temple (Fig. 2D); propleuron
black or orange brown (Fig. 2F); notauli usually complete (up to medio-
posterior depression Fig: 2G) “or nearly SO tac. 2.8 sii eece nets wncge Poonchath suche. ieee 7
vi Mandible subparallel-sided (Fig. 2L); ovipositor sheath approx. 0.7 times
as long as hind tibia (Fig. 21); first metasomal tergite slenderer, approx. 1.4
times longer than its apical width (Fig. 2H)... P. brachyura sp. nov.
— Mandible distinctly widened dorsally (Fig. 5L); ovipositor sheath 1.2—1.3
times as long as hind tibia (Fig. 51); first tergite very robust, 1.1—1.2 times
[Srigerthansits apica widt iy (HIG. Dr sciests ozs verreiendrbastmes en otiasmwoeennan 8
8 Tarsal claws slender (Fig. 5J); third and fourth antennal segments dark brown
and slender (Fig. 5B); metanotum more or less tooth-shaped protruding dor-
sally in lateral view (Fig. 5G); pterostigma approx. 4.2 times longer than wide
(Fig. 5C); middle tooth of mandible not widened dorsally (Fig. 5L) .............
Bh Ph oes se atcha an Lense Danae ts Makaha eaten ae P. masha Belokobylskij, 1998
-- Tarsal claws robust (Fig. 3J); third and fourth antennal segments yellow and
robust (Fig. 3B); metanotum obtuse dorsally in lateral view (Fig. 3F); pter-
ostigma approx. 5.5 times longer than wide (Fig. 3C); middle tooth of man-
dible-widénied dorsally: (Rigi SE) cc. tnedcennnnedannnsataaeatacdtiadls P. lobata sp. nov.

Phaenocarpa artotemporalis Sohn & van Achterberg, sp. nov.
http://zoobank.org/D973E619-5FB8-4956-A043-0574073C41EB
Figure 1A—L

Type material. Holotype, 2 (KNA), South Korea, DMZ Botanical Garden, Mandae-
ri, Haean-myeon, Yanggu-gun, Gangwon-do, 38°15'09.3"N, 128°06'40.6"E, 08-21.
VIII.2017, Shin, Kim. GenBank accession no. MZ318086 for the barcoding sequence
of the COI region

Comparative diagnosis. Differs from other species in the group of Phaenocarpa
species by notauli reduced posteriorly by having the eye in dorsal view 4.0—4.5 times
as long as temple (2.0—3.0 times in other species). Closely related to P brachyura sp.
nov., for differences see key above.

Description. Holotype, 2: length of body in lateral view 2.0 mm, length of an-
tenna 3.2 mm, and length of fore wing 2.6 mm.

Colour. Body (Fig. 1A) entirely reddish brown; antenna brown basally, medially
dark brown, Mandible pale orange.

Head. Head (Fig. 1D) width 1.9 times median length in dorsal view. Antenna
(Fig. 1B) 1.6 times longer than body in female, 25-segmented. Fourth segment 1.5
times longer than third segment, 1.2 times longer than fifth segment. Eye slightly
oval, 1.1 times as long as wide in lateral view. Width of face (Fig. 1E) 1.6 times its

6 Ju-Hyeong Sohn et al. / Journal of Hymenoptera Research 86: 1-17 (2021)

0.2mm

eam, kam,
Figure |. Phaenocarpa artotemporalis sp. nov., 2 A body B antennae C wings D head, dorsal E head,

anterior F mesosoma, lateral G mesosoma, dorsal H propodeum and metasoma, dorsal I ovipositor and

its sheaths, lateral J tarsus, lateral K tarsus, dorsal L mandible, lateral.

height from ventral rim of antennal sockets to upper margin of clypeus; face with
long setae. Eye in dorsal view 4.2 times as long as temple. Ocello-ocular line (OOL)
3.4 times longer than diameter of anterior ocellus; OOL:antero-posterior ocellar line
(AOL):postero-ocellar line (POL)= 15:4:6. Stemmaticum concave. Vertex smooth and
polish with fine groove. Mandible with three teeth (Fig. 1L); second tooth narrow
and sharp with dark brown tip and separated from first tooth by incision. Labrum 2.5
times longer than wide. Maxillary palp 0.7 times longer than mesosoma.

Three new species and two new records of the genus Phaenocarpa from South Korea 7

Mesosoma. Mesosoma 1.9 times longer than wide in dorsal view. Mesosoma
(Fig. 1G) with medio-posterior depression; notauli reduced posteriorly; scutellar sul-
cus with two carinae; small basal bump on hind coxa. Propodeum (Fig. 1H) entirely
smooth, propodeal areola with bumpy sculpture; precoxal sulcus (Fig. 1F) distinct, with
about five crenulae. Fore wing (Fig. 1C) 2.3 times as long as wide; pterostigma long and
narrow, 4.4 times longer than wide; vein r of fore wing 2.0 times longer than wide; vein
1-SR+M slightly bent; 2-SR+M sclerotized; 1-SR+M:2-SR+M = 10:4; vein 2-SR:vein
r:vein 3-SR = 12:3:24; first subdiscal cell of fore wing ca 0.9 times longer than wide.

Leg. Hind coxa compressed, grooved and 1.4 times longer than hind trochanter;
hind femur 0.8 times longer than hind tibia; hind tibia 1.2 times longer than hind tarsus.

Metasoma. First tergite widened posteriorly, striate, and 1.8 times longer than its
apical width; T1:T2 = 32:36. Setose part of ovipositor sheath (Fig. 11) 1.4 times longer
than mesosoma, 1.3 times as long as hind tibia and with long setae.

Male. Unknown.

Distribution. South Korea.

Etymology. From “artus/arctus” (Latin for narrow) and “tempus” (Latin for area
behind eyes) because of the enlarged temples.

Phaenocarpa brachyura Sohn & van Achterberg, sp. nov.
http://zoobank.org/5E43A497-EC93-4868-AF70-09603EE830F7
Figure 2A—L

Type material. Holotype, 2 (KNA), South Korea, DMZ Botanical Garden, Man-
dae-ri, Haean-myeon, Yanggu-gun, Gangwon-do, 38°15'09.3"N, 128°06'40.6"E,
21.VII—05.IX.2017, Shin, Kim. GenBank accession no. MZ318087 for the barcod-
ing sequence of the COI region

Comparative diagnosis. Runs to the East Palaearctic P basarukini Belokobylskij,
1998 and to the West Palaearctic P curticauda van Achterberg, 1998 because of the
short ovipositor sheath (approx. 0.7 times as long as hind tibia). The new species differs
from P basarukini by the slightly longer ovipositor sheath (0.5—0.6 times as long as
hind tibia in P basarukini), first mandibular tooth distinctly lobe-shaped and middle
tooth slenderer, pterostigma and hind femur wider. Differs from P curticauda by the
wider pterostigma, longer 1r-m of hind wing and 1-CU1 of fore wing, second tooth
less widened dorsally, complete notauli, first tergite 1.4 times longer than its apical
width and areola of propodeum wider.

Colour. Head black, around eye brown; antenna yellowish brown; mandible brown
and apically dark brown. First tergite dark brown and mesonotum entirely black.

Head. Head (Fig. 2D) width 1.6 times median length in dorsal view. Antenna
(Fig. 2B) twice as long as body, 41 segmented. Fourth segment 1.4 times longer than
third segment and 1.2 times longer than fifth segment. Eye slightly oval, 1.2 times as
long as wide in lateral view. Width of face (Fig. 2E) 1.6 times its height from ventral
rim of antennal sockets to upper margin of clypeus; face with long setae. Eye in dorsal
view 2.4 times as long as temple. Ocello-ocular line 3.0 times longer than diameter

8 Ju-Hyeong Sohn et al. / Journal of Hymenoptera Research 86: 1-17 (2021)

Figure 2. Phaenocarpa brachyura sp. nov., 2 A body B antennae C wings D head, dorsal E head, anterior

F mesosoma, lateral G mesosoma, dorsal H propodeum and T1 to T3, dorsal I ovipositor and its sheaths,

lateral J tarsus, lateral K tarsus, dorsal L mandible, lateral.

of anterior ocellus; OOL:AOL:POL = 21:5:7. Stemmaticum concave. Mandible with
three teeth (2L), subparallel-sided, first mandibular tooth distinctly lobe-shaped and
separated from second tooth by incision. Labrum 2.9 times longer than wide. Maxil-
lary palp 0.4 times longer than mesosoma.

Mesosoma. Mesosoma (Fig. 2G) 2.1 times longer than wide in dorsal view. No-
tauli crenulated, reaching medio-posterior depression; scutellar sulcus with two cari-

Three new species and two new records of the genus Phaenocarpa from South Korea 9

nae; in lateral view, mesopleuron and metapleuron with long setae. Anterior half of
propodeum smooth, posterior of median carina strongly wrinkled (Fig. 2H), lateral
view of propodeum not curved dorsally; precoxal sulcus (Fig. 2F) shallow and with 10
crenulae. Fore wing (Fig. 2C) 2.3 times longer than wide; pterostigma long and nar-
row, 2.9 times longer than wide; vein r of fore wing 1.9 times longer than wide; vein
2-SR slightly bent; vein 2-SR+M and r-m not sclerotized; vein 2-SR:vein r:vein 3-SR =
10:2:18; first subdiscal cell of fore wing ca 0.6 times longer than wide.

Leg. Hind coxa compressed, grooved and 1.3 times longer than hind trochant-
er; hind femur 0.7 times longer than hind tibia; hind tibia 0.8 times longer than
hind tarsus.

Metasoma. First tergite widened posteriorly, striate and narrow, 1.4 times longer
than its apical width; T1:T2 = 48:37. Setose part of ovipositor sheath (Fig. 21) 0.6
times as long as mesosoma, 0.7 times as long as hind tibia and with setae.

Male. Unknown.

Distribution. South Korea.

Etymology. From “brachys” (Greek for short) and “oura’” (Greek for tail) because

of the comparatively short ovipositor sheath.

Phaenocarpa lobata Sohn & van Achterberg, sp. nov.
http://zoobank.org/39495 BOE-B87D-4947-99 BF-1 B8C768A8320
Figure 3A—L

Type material. Holotype, 2 (KNA), South Korea, DMZ Botanical Garden, Mandae-
ri, Haean-myeon, Yanggu-gun, Gangwon-do, 38°15'09.3"N, 128°06'40.6"E, 19.[X—
10.X.2017, Shin, Kim. GenBank accession no. MZ318085 for the barcoding sequence
of the COI region.

Comparative diagnosis. Differs from other species treated in this paper by the
long pterostigma of the fore wing (approx. 5.5 times as long as wide; 2.9—4.4 times in
other species). The orange antenna and the yellow and robust third and fourth anten-
nal segments distinguish it from other Phaenocarpa species. Closely related to P masha
Belokobylskij, 1998, for differences see key above.

Description. Holotype, 2; length of body in lateral view 3.3 mm (Fig. 3A), length
of antenna 6.1 mm and length of fore wing 3.6 mm.

Colour. Head (Fig. 3D) black; antenna orange (third and fourth antennal seg-
ments yellow); mandible orange brown. First tergite dark brown and mesonotum en-
tirely reddish brown, area around of medio-posterior depression orangish brown.

Head. Width 1.9 times median length in dorsal view. Antenna (Fig. 3B) twice as
long as body, 39 segmented. Fourth segment 1.5 times longer than third segment and
1.3 times longer than fifth; third and fourth segments robust. Eye slightly oval, 1.3
times as long as wide in lateral view. Width of face (Fig. 3E) 1.6 times its height from
ventral rim of antennal sockets to upper margin of clypeus. Eye in dorsal view 2.6 times
as long as temple. Ocello-ocular line 4.1 times longer than diameter of anterior ocellus;

10 Ju-Hyeong Sohn et al. / Journal of Hymenoptera Research 86: 1-17 (2021)

Figure 3. Phaenocarpa lobata sp. nov., 2 A body B antennae C wings D head, dorsal E head, ante-

rior F mesosoma, lateral G mesosoma, dorsal H propodeum and metasoma, dorsal I ovipositor and its

sheaths, lateral J tarsus, lateral K tarsus, dorsal L mandible, lateral.

OOL:AOL:POL = 25:6:9. Stemmaticum concave. Vertex smooth, glossy. Mandible
with three teeth and first tooth separated from second tooth by incision (Fig. 3L); mid-
dle tooth of mandible widened dorsally, with black tip. Labrum 2.0 times longer than
wide. Maxillary palp 0.8 times longer than mesosoma.

Mesosoma. Mesosoma (Fig. 3G) 1.8 times longer than wide in dorsal view.
Notauli comparatively coarsely crenulate near middle of mesoscutum and reaching

Three new species and two new records of the genus Phaenocarpa from South Korea 11

medio-posterior depression; medio-posterior depression nearly reaching transscutal
articulation; scutellar sulcus with two carinae; metanotum obtuse dorsally in lateral
view; small bump on hind coxa adjacent to metapleuron; in lateral view metapleuron
with distinct setae. Anterior half of propodeum less sloping; propodeum bent in lateral
view; precoxal sulcus (Fig. 3F) deep and distinct, with about eight crenulae. Fore wing
(Fig. 3C) 2.4 times as long as wide; pterostigma long and narrow, 5.5 times longer than
wide; vein r of fore wing 1.5 times longer than wide; vein 2-SR slightly bent; vein r-m
not sclerotized; vein 2-SR:vein r:vein 3-SR = 11:2:16; first subdiscal cell of fore wing
ca 0.9 times longer than wide.

Leg. Hind coxa compressed, grooved and 1.2 times longer than hind trochanter;
hind femur 0.6 times longer than hind tibia; hind tibia 1.2 times longer than hind
tarsus; tarsal claws robust.

Metasoma. First tergite very robust, 1.2 times longer than its apical width; T1:T2
= 44:54. Setose part of ovipositor sheath (Fig. 31) 1.2 times longer than mesosoma, as
long as hind tibia and with long setae (Fig. 31).

Male. Unknown.

Distribution. South Korea.

Etymology. From “lobus” (Latin for lobe), because of the lobe-shaped third man-
dibular tooth.

Phaenocarpa fidelis Fischer, 1970
Figure 4A—L

Examined material. 12 (KNA), South Korea, DMZ Botanical Garden, Mandae-ri,
Haean-myeon, Yanggu-gun, Gangwon-do, 38°15'09.3"N, 128°06'40.6"E, 20.VI.—4.
VII.2017, H.T. Shin, S.J. Kim. GenBank accession no. MZ318083 for the barcoding
sequence of the COI region.

Description. 9; length of body in lateral view 2.9 mm (Fig. 4A), length of an-
tenna 4.7 mm, length of fore wing 3.1 mm.

Colour. Head (Fig. 4D) entirely black; mandible yellowish brown. Antenna en-
tirely brown (first and second segments orangish brown). First tergite dark brown.

Head. Width 1.9 times median length in dorsal view. Antenna (Fig. 4B) 1.6 times
longer than body, 28 segmented. Fourth segment 1.6 times longer than third segment,
1.1 times longer than fifth. Eye slightly oval, 1.2 times longer than wide in lateral view.
Width of face (Fig. 4E) 1.3 times its height from ventral rim of antennal sockets to upper
margin of clypeus. Face with dense setae. Eye in dorsal view 2.6 times longer than temple.
Ocello-ocular line 2.6 times longer than diameter of anterior ocellus; OOL:AOL:POL
= 17:5:7. Stemmaticum concave. Mandible robust with three teeth (Fig. 4L) and first
tooth gradually connected to second tooth, forming a straight or arcuate connection.
Labrum 1.8 times longer than wide. Maxillary palp 0.7 times longer than mesosoma.

Mesosoma. Mesosoma (Fig. 4G) 2.3 times longer than wide in dorsal view, with
medio-posterior depression and setae near it; notauli narrowly crenulate near middle

12 Ju-Hyeong Sohn et al. / Journal of Hymenoptera Research 86: 1-17 (2021)

0.3mm

0.5mm

Figure 4. Phaenocarpa fidelis Fischer, 1970, 9 A body B antenna C wings D head, dorsal E head, ante-
rior F mesosoma, lateral G mesosoma, dorsal H propodeum and metasoma, dorsal I metasoma, ovipositor

and its sheaths, lateral J tarsus, lateral K tarsus, dorsal L mandible, lateral.

of mesoscutum, not reaching medio-posterior depression; scutellar sulcus with two
carinae, 2.4 times wider than long medially; metanotum sculptured; with small bump
on hind coxa adjacent to metapleuron; metapleuron with long setae; in lateral view
mesoscutum with anterior bump. Propodeum (Fig. 4H) extensively rugose medially
and in lateral view not bent; precoxal sulcus (Fig. 4F) complete and with 12 crenulae;

Three new species and two new records of the genus Phaenocarpa from South Korea 13

scutellum with setae partially. Fore wing (Fig. 4C) 2.4 times longer than wide; pter-
ostigma long and narrow, 4.3 times longer than wide; vein r of fore wing 2.3 times
longer than wide; vein 2-SR slightly bent; vein r-m not sclerotized; vein 2-SR:vein
r:vein 3-SR = 9:2:15; first subdiscal cell of fore wing ca 1.1 times longer than wide;
second submarginal cell robust.

Leg. Hind coxa compressed, grooved and 1.1 times longer than hind trochanter;
hind femur 0.7 times longer than hind tibia; hind tibia 0.9 times longer than hind tarsus.

Metasoma. First metasomal tergite subparallel-sided (Fig. 4H), 2.0 times longer
than apical width; T1:T2 = 50:24. Setose part of ovipositor sheath (Fig. 41) 0.5 times
as long as mesosoma, 0.4 times as long as hind tibia and with long setae.

Male. Unknown.

Distribution. Eastern Palaearctic, Western Palaearctic, Europe; South Korea
(new record).

Phaenocarpa masha Belokobylskij, 1998
Figure 5A—L

Examined material. 12 (KNA), South Korea, DMZ Botanical Garden, Mandae-ri,
Haean-myeon, Yanggu-gun, Gangwon-do, 38°15'09.3"N, 128°06'40.6"E, 20.VI.-4.
VII.2017, H.T. Shin, S.J. Kim. GenBank accession no. MW376066 for the barcoding
sequence of the COI region.

Description. 9; length of body in lateral view 2.8 mm (Fig. 5A), length of an-
tenna 4.7 mm and length of fore wing 3.3 mm.

Colour. Head (Fig. 5D) entirely black; mandible orangish brown. Antenna en-
tirely brown (third and fourth segments dark brown). First tergite reddish brown and
mesonotum orangish brown.

Head. Width 1.7 times median length in dorsal view. Antenna (Fig. 5B) 1.6
times longer than body, 27-segmented. Fourth segment 1.6 times longer than third
segment and 1.2 times longer than fifth, third and fourth segments dark brown and
slender. Eye slightly oval, 1.2 times as long as wide in lateral view. Width of face (Fig.
5E) 1.5 times its height from ventral rim of antennal sockets to upper margin of
clypeus. Face with dense setae. Eye in dorsal view 3.0 times as long as temple. Ocello-
ocular line 4.1 times longer than diameter of anterior ocellus; OOL:AOL:POL =
21:5:7. Stemmaticum concave. Mandible with three teeth (Fig. 5L) and first tooth
separated from second tooth by incision; third tooth bent outside, middle tooth
not widened dorsally. Labrum 2.4 times longer than wide. Maxillary palp 0.9 times
longer than mesosoma.

Mesosoma. Mesosoma (Fig. 5G) 1.9 times longer than wide in dorsal view, with
medio-posterior depression and setae near it; notauli line-shape, reaching medio-pos-
terior depression; scutellar sulcus with two carinae; metanotum more or less tooth-
shaped protruding dorsally in lateral view; small bump on hind coxa adjacent to

14 Ju-Hyeong Sohn et al. / Journal of Hymenoptera Research 86: 1-17 (2021)

0.3mm

0.5mm

0.5mm

J _— is . K
0.5mm ~~

£

£

N

i=)
0.5mm

Figure 5. Phaenocarpa masha Belokobylskij, 1998, 2 A body B antennae C wings D head, dorsal
E head, anterior F mesosoma, lateral G mesosoma, dorsal H propodeum and T1 to T3, dorsal I meta-

soma, ovipositor and its sheaths, lateral J tarsus, lateral K tarsus, dorsal L mandible, lateral.

metapleuron. Propodeum (Fig. 5H) 0.7 times longer than width, more extensively
rugose medially; lateral view of propodeum not bent; precoxal sulcus (Fig. 5F) com-
pleted with 11 crenulae; scutellum with setae partially. Fore wing (Fig. 5C) 2.5 times
as long as wide; pterostigma long and narrow, 4.2 times longer than wide; vein r of
fore wing 3.0 times longer than wide; vein r-m not sclerotized; vein 2-SR:vein r:vein
3-SR = 10:2:14; first subdiscal cell of fore wing ca 0.7 times longer than wide; second
submarginal cell robust.

Three new species and two new records of the genus Phaenocarpa from South Korea 15

0.5mm __,

0.2mm

Figure 6. Phaenocarpa ruficeps (Nees, 1812), 9 A body B antennae C wings D head, dorsal E head, ante-
rior F mesosoma, lateral G mesosoma, dorsal H propodeum and metasoma, dorsal | metasoma,ovipositor

and its sheaths, lateral J tarsus, lateral K tarsus, dorsal L mandible, lateral.

Leg. Hind coxa compressed, grooved and 1.4 times longer than hind trochanter;
hind femur 0.6 times longer than hind tibia; hind tibia 1.2 times longer than hind
tarsus; tarsal claws slender.

Metasoma. First tergite robust, widened posteriorly, 1.2 times longer than apical
width; T1:T2 = 32:30. Setose part of ovipositor sheath (Fig. 51) 1.2 times longer than
mesosoma, 1.1 times longer than hind tibia and with long setae.

Male. Unknown.

Distribution. Eastern Palaearctic; South Korea (new record).

16 Ju-Hyeong Sohn et al. / Journal of Hymenoptera Research 86: 1-17 (2021)

Acknowledgements

This work was supported by the Korean National Arboretum (KNA1-1-20) and a
grant from the National Institute of Biological Resources (NIBR), funded by the
Ministry of Environment (MOE) of the Republic of Korea (NIBR202130203). This
work was supported by a grant from the National Institute of Biological Resources
(NIBR), funded by the Ministry of Environment (MOE) of the Republic of Korea
(NIBR202102204).

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